Fiche du document numéro 9169

Num
9169
Date
Thursday June 17, 2010
Amj
20100617
Auteur
Caplan, class="ok"> Gerald
Fichier
PoliticsOfDenialism17June2010.pdf
Taille
223531
Urlorg
http://www.pambazuka.net/en/category/features/65265
Titre
The class="ok"> politics class="ok"> of class="ok"> denialism: class="ok"> The class="ok"> strange class="ok"> case class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda
Soustitre
Review class="ok"> of class="ok"> ‘The class="ok"> Politics class="ok"> of class="ok"> Genocide’. class="ok"> The class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> never class="ok"> happened. class="ok"> This class="ok"> is class="ok"> this class="ok"> unfounded class="ok"> and class="ok"> disturbing class="ok"> allegation class="ok"> at class="ok"> the class="ok"> heart class="ok"> of class="ok"> a class="ok"> new class="ok"> book class="ok"> by class="ok"> Edward class="ok"> S. class="ok"> Herman class="ok"> and class="ok"> David class="ok"> Peterson, class="ok"> writes class="ok"> Gerald class="ok"> Caplan. class="ok"> Instead class="ok"> the class="ok"> authors class="ok"> claim class="ok"> that class="ok"> that class="ok"> it class="ok"> was class="ok"> part class="ok"> of class="ok"> an class="ok"> elaborate class="ok"> American class="ok"> conspiracy class="ok"> to class="ok"> “gain class="ok"> a class="ok"> strong class="ok"> military class="ok"> presence class="ok"> in class="ok"> Central class="ok"> Africa, class="ok"> a class="ok"> diminution class="ok"> of class="ok"> its class="ok"> European class="ok"> rivals' class="ok"> influence, class="ok"> proxy class="ok"> armies class="ok"> to class="ok"> serve class="ok"> its class="ok"> interests, class="ok"> and class="ok"> access class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> raw class="ok"> material-rich class="ok"> Democratic class="ok"> Republic class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Congo”. class="ok"> Why class="ok"> they class="ok"> want class="ok"> to class="ok"> create class="ok"> such class="ok"> gratuitous class="ok"> hurt class="ok"> for class="ok"> the class="ok"> survivors class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> is class="ok"> ‘impossible class="ok"> to class="ok"> fathom’, class="ok"> says class="ok"> Caplan, class="ok"> but class="ok"> their class="ok"> ‘egregious class="ok"> views’ class="ok"> ‘relegate class="ok"> them class="ok"> squarely class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> lunatic class="ok"> fringe’.
Nom cité
Davenport, class="ok"> Christian
Nom cité
Erlinder, class="ok"> Peter
Nom cité
Black, class="ok"> Christopher
Nom cité
Stam, class="ok"> Allan
Nom cité
Philpot, class="ok"> Robin
Nom cité
Herman, class="ok"> Edward
Nom cité
Peterson, class="ok"> David
Nom cité
Chomsky, class="ok"> Noam
Nom cité
Ingabire class="ok"> Umuhoza, class="ok"> Victoire
Nom cité
Rwamucyo, class="ok"> Eugène
Cote
2010-06-17, Issue 486
Source
Pambazuka News
Type
Page web
Langue
EN
Citation
This class="ok"> is class="ok"> a class="ok"> review class="ok"> of class="ok"> Edward class="ok"> S. class="ok"> Herman class="ok"> and class="ok"> David class="ok"> Peterson’s class="ok"> ‘’The class="ok"> Politics class="ok"> of class="ok"> Genocide’, class="ok"> Monthly class="ok"> Review class="ok"> Press, class="ok"> New class="ok"> York, class="ok"> 2010.
class="ok">
class="ok"> Edward class="ok"> Herman class="ok"> is class="ok"> a class="ok"> professor class="ok"> emeritus class="ok"> at class="ok"> the class="ok"> University class="ok"> of class="ok"> Pennsylvania class="ok"> and class="ok"> David class="ok"> Peterson class="ok"> is class="ok"> described class="ok"> as class="ok"> a class="ok"> Chicago-based class="ok"> journalist class="ok"> and class="ok"> researcher. class="ok"> Those class="ok"> who class="ok"> have class="ok"> read class="ok"> Herman's class="ok"> work, class="ok"> some class="ok"> of class="ok"> it class="ok"> in class="ok"> collaboration class="ok"> with class="ok"> Noam class="ok"> Chomsky, class="ok"> will class="ok"> only class="ok"> partly class="ok"> know class="ok"> what class="ok"> to class="ok"> expect class="ok"> from class="ok"> his class="ok"> latest class="ok"> book. class="ok"> Herman class="ok"> and class="ok"> Peterson class="ok"> argue class="ok"> that class="ok"> in class="ok"> a class="ok"> world class="ok"> controlled class="ok"> by class="ok"> the class="ok"> American class="ok"> empire class="ok"> and class="ok"> its class="ok"> media class="ok"> and class="ok"> intellectual class="ok"> lackeys, class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> has class="ok"> become class="ok"> a class="ok"> political class="ok"> construct class="ok"> largely class="ok"> manipulated class="ok"> by class="ok"> Washington class="ok"> and class="ok"> its class="ok"> allies. class="ok"> The class="ok"> claim class="ok"> of class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> becomes class="ok"> an class="ok"> excuse class="ok"> for class="ok"> so-called class="ok"> humanitarian class="ok"> intervention class="ok"> that class="ok"> disguises class="ok"> malevolent class="ok"> imperial class="ok"> motives: class="ok"> ‘The class="ok"> Western class="ok"> establishment class="ok"> rushed class="ok"> to class="ok"> proclaim class="ok"> “genocide” class="ok"> in class="ok"> Bosnia-Herzegovina, class="ok"> Rwanda, class="ok"> Kosovo, class="ok"> and class="ok"> Darfur… class="ok"> In class="ok"> contrast, class="ok"> its class="ok"> silence class="ok"> over class="ok"> the class="ok"> crimes class="ok"> committed class="ok"> by class="ok"> its class="ok"> own class="ok"> regimes class="ok"> against class="ok"> the class="ok"> peoples class="ok"> of class="ok"> Southeast class="ok"> Asia, class="ok"> Central class="ok"> America, class="ok"> the class="ok"> Middle class="ok"> East class="ok"> and class="ok"> sub-Saharan class="ok"> Africa class="ok"> is class="ok"> deafening. class="ok"> This class="ok"> is class="ok"> the class="ok"> “politics class="ok"> of class="ok"> genocide”.’
class="ok">
class="ok"> Herman class="ok"> and class="ok"> Peterson class="ok"> give class="ok"> some class="ok"> examples class="ok"> that class="ok"> should class="ok"> be class="ok"> familiar class="ok"> to class="ok"> all class="ok"> who class="ok"> reject class="ok"> the class="ok"> notion class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> US class="ok"> as class="ok"> a class="ok"> unparalleled class="ok"> force class="ok"> for class="ok"> good class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> world. class="ok"> The class="ok"> suffering class="ok"> of class="ok"> Iraqis class="ok"> under class="ok"> US-led class="ok"> sanctions class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> 1990s, class="ok"> American class="ok"> support class="ok"> for class="ok"> Israel's class="ok"> repression class="ok"> in class="ok"> Gaza class="ok"> and class="ok"> destruction class="ok"> in class="ok"> Lebanon, class="ok"> the class="ok"> American class="ok"> role class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> brutal class="ok"> massacres class="ok"> of class="ok"> Guatemalans class="ok"> and class="ok"> Salvadorans class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> 1980s, class="ok"> America's class="ok"> backing class="ok"> for class="ok"> Indonesia's class="ok"> blood class="ok"> bath class="ok"> in class="ok"> East class="ok"> Timor class="ok"> – class="ok"> all class="ok"> are class="ok"> true, class="ok"> all class="ok"> are class="ok"> appalling, class="ok"> and class="ok"> all class="ok"> have class="ok"> been class="ok"> thoroughly class="ok"> documented. class="ok"> No class="ok"> doubt class="ok"> it's class="ok"> good class="ok"> for class="ok"> a class="ok"> new class="ok"> generation class="ok"> to class="ok"> be class="ok"> reminded class="ok"> of class="ok"> these class="ok"> atrocities, class="ok"> invariably class="ok"> distorted class="ok"> or class="ok"> ignored class="ok"> by class="ok"> the class="ok"> mainstream class="ok"> media. class="ok"> But class="ok"> I'm class="ok"> not class="ok"> at class="ok"> all class="ok"> sure class="ok"> that class="ok"> it's class="ok"> helpful class="ok"> to class="ok"> explore class="ok"> these class="ok"> issues class="ok"> against class="ok"> a class="ok"> frame class="ok"> of class="ok"> genocide, class="ok"> and class="ok"> it's class="ok"> supremely class="ok"> destructive class="ok"> that class="ok"> incontrovertible class="ok"> incidents class="ok"> of class="ok"> American class="ok"> crimes, class="ok"> such class="ok"> as class="ok"> the class="ok"> above, class="ok"> are class="ok"> included class="ok"> with class="ok"> bizarre class="ok"> fictions class="ok"> that class="ok"> have class="ok"> poisoned class="ok"> the class="ok"> authors' class="ok"> minds, class="ok"> such class="ok"> as class="ok"> below. class="ok"> This class="ok"> was class="ok"> decidedly class="ok"> unexpected class="ok"> from class="ok"> Edward class="ok"> Herman. class="ok">
class="ok">
class="ok">

Playing class="ok"> the class="ok"> ‘Expert’ class="ok"> Card class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda


class="ok">
class="ok"> To class="ok"> this class="ok"> stage, class="ok"> this class="ok"> little class="ok"> volume class="ok"> might class="ok"> on class="ok"> balance class="ok"> just class="ok"> be class="ok"> considered class="ok"> recommended class="ok"> reading. class="ok"> Despite class="ok"> its class="ok"> strange class="ok"> biases class="ok"> and class="ok"> excesses class="ok"> in class="ok"> belabouring class="ok"> its class="ok"> thesis, class="ok"> it's class="ok"> a class="ok"> useful class="ok"> reminder class="ok"> of class="ok"> American class="ok"> double class="ok"> standards class="ok"> that class="ok"> should class="ok"> not class="ok"> be class="ok"> forgotten class="ok"> (particularly class="ok"> given class="ok"> the class="ok"> disappointing class="ok"> record class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Obama class="ok"> administration). class="ok">
class="ok">
class="ok"> But class="ok"> all class="ok"> of class="ok"> this class="ok"> is class="ok"> mere class="ok"> preliminary class="ok"> for class="ok"> Herman class="ok"> and class="ok"> Peterson. class="ok"> Their class="ok"> main class="ok"> target, class="ok"> which class="ok"> is class="ok"> none class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> cases class="ok"> mentioned class="ok"> so class="ok"> far, class="ok"> can class="ok"> be class="ok"> found class="ok"> squarely class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> heart class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> book. class="ok"> It's class="ok"> chapter class="ok"> 4, class="ok"> the class="ok"> longest class="ok"> single class="ok"> section, class="ok"> and class="ok"> its class="ok"> purpose class="ok"> is class="ok"> to class="ok"> show class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> never class="ok"> happened. class="ok"> In class="ok"> fact class="ok"> the class="ok"> entire class="ok"> ‘genocide’ class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> is class="ok"> an class="ok"> elaborate class="ok"> American class="ok"> conspiracy class="ok"> to class="ok"> ‘gain class="ok"> a class="ok"> strong class="ok"> military class="ok"> presence class="ok"> in class="ok"> Central class="ok"> Africa, class="ok"> a class="ok"> diminution class="ok"> of class="ok"> its class="ok"> European class="ok"> rivals' class="ok"> influence, class="ok"> proxy class="ok"> armies class="ok"> to class="ok"> serve class="ok"> its class="ok"> interests, class="ok"> and class="ok"> access class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> raw class="ok"> material-rich class="ok"> Democratic class="ok"> Republic class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Congo’. class="ok"> The class="ok"> authors' class="ok"> greatest class="ok"> bete class="ok"> noir class="ok"> is class="ok"> Paul class="ok"> Kagame, class="ok"> commander class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> Patriotic class="ok"> Front class="ok"> (RPF) class="ok"> rebels class="ok"> during class="ok"> the class="ok"> 1990-94 class="ok"> civil class="ok"> war class="ok"> and class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> genocide, class="ok"> long-time class="ok"> president class="ok"> of class="ok"> post-genocide class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> – class="ok"> and class="ok"> leading class="ok"> Yankee class="ok"> stooge.
class="ok">
class="ok"> Yes, class="ok"> in class="ok"> order class="ok"> to class="ok"> blame class="ok"> the class="ok"> American class="ok"> empire class="ok"> for class="ok"> every class="ok"> ill class="ok"> on class="ok"> earth, class="ok"> Herman class="ok"> and class="ok"> Peterson, class="ok"> two class="ok"> dedicated class="ok"> anti-imperialists, class="ok"> have class="ok"> sunk class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> level class="ok"> of class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> deniers. class="ok"> And class="ok"> the class="ok"> ‘evidence’ class="ok"> they class="ok"> adduce class="ok"> to class="ok"> back class="ok"> up class="ok"> their class="ok"> delusional class="ok"> tale class="ok"> rests class="ok"> solidly class="ok"> on class="ok"> a class="ok"> foundation class="ok"> of class="ok"> other class="ok"> deniers, class="ok"> statements class="ok"> by class="ok"> genocidaires, class="ok"> fabrications, class="ok"> distortions, class="ok"> innuendo class="ok"> and class="ok"> gross class="ok"> ignorance. class="ok"> In class="ok"> this class="ok"> Grimm class="ok"> fairy class="ok"> tale, class="ok"> everyone class="ok"> who class="ok"> contradicts class="ok"> their class="ok"> fantasies class="ok"> is class="ok"> an class="ok"> American/RPF class="ok"> pawn class="ok"> – class="ok"> Paul class="ok"> Kagame, class="ok"> human class="ok"> rights class="ok"> investigator class="ok"> Alison class="ok"> des class="ok"> Forges, class="ok"> the class="ok"> head class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> UN class="ok"> military class="ok"> mission class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> during class="ok"> the class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> General class="ok"> Romeo class="ok"> Dallaire, class="ok"> and class="ok"> entire class="ok"> human class="ok"> rights class="ok"> organisations. class="ok">
class="ok">
class="ok"> The class="ok"> main class="ok"> authorities class="ok"> on class="ok"> whom class="ok"> the class="ok"> authors class="ok"> rest class="ok"> their class="ok"> fabrications class="ok"> are class="ok"> a class="ok"> tiny class="ok"> number class="ok"> of class="ok"> long-time class="ok"> American class="ok"> and class="ok"> Canadian class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> deniers, class="ok"> who class="ok"> gleefully class="ok"> drink class="ok"> each class="ok"> other's class="ok"> putrid class="ok"> bath class="ok"> water. class="ok"> Each class="ok"> solemnly class="ok"> cites class="ok"> the class="ok"> others' class="ok"> works class="ok"> to class="ok"> document class="ok"> his class="ok"> fabrications class="ok"> – class="ok"> Robin class="ok"> Philpot, class="ok"> Christopher class="ok"> Black, class="ok"> Christian class="ok"> Davenport, class="ok"> Allan class="ok"> Stam, class="ok"> Peter class="ok"> Erlinder. class="ok"> It's class="ok"> as class="ok"> if class="ok"> a class="ok"> Holocaust class="ok"> denier class="ok"> cited class="ok"> as class="ok"> supporting class="ok"> evidence class="ok"> the class="ok"> testimonies class="ok"> of class="ok"> David class="ok"> Irving, class="ok"> David class="ok"> Duke, class="ok"> Robert class="ok"> Faurisson class="ok"> or class="ok"> Ernest class="ok"> Zundel. class="ok"> Be class="ok"> confident class="ok"> Herman class="ok"> and class="ok"> Peterson class="ok"> are class="ok"> now class="ok"> being class="ok"> quoted class="ok"> as class="ok"> authoritative class="ok"> sources class="ok"> on class="ok"> the class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> by class="ok"> Robin class="ok"> Philpot, class="ok"> Christopher class="ok"> Black, class="ok"> Davenport class="ok"> and class="ok"> Stam, class="ok"> Peter class="ok"> Erlinder.
class="ok">
class="ok"> In class="ok"> reality, class="ok"> there class="ok"> is class="ok"> only class="ok"> a class="ok"> relative class="ok"> handful class="ok"> of class="ok"> these class="ok"> American class="ok"> deniers, class="ok"> but class="ok"> the class="ok"> vast class="ok"> power class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> internet class="ok"> makes class="ok"> them class="ok"> seem class="ok"> ubiquitous class="ok"> and class="ok"> forceful. class="ok"> Any class="ok"> online class="ok"> search class="ok"> for class="ok"> ‘Rwanda class="ok"> genocide’ class="ok"> gives class="ok"> them class="ok"> a class="ok"> vastly class="ok"> disproportionate class="ok"> pride class="ok"> of class="ok"> place. class="ok"> Besides class="ok"> the class="ok"> five class="ok"> cited class="ok"> by class="ok"> Herman class="ok"> and class="ok"> Peterson, class="ok"> this class="ok"> rogue's class="ok"> gallery class="ok"> of class="ok"> American class="ok"> deniers class="ok"> also class="ok"> includes class="ok"> Keith class="ok"> Harmon class="ok"> Snow class="ok"> and class="ok"> Wayne class="ok"> Madsen, class="ok"> who class="ok"> will class="ok"> bitterly class="ok"> resent class="ok"> the class="ok"> authors class="ok"> for class="ok"> failing class="ok"> to class="ok"> invoke class="ok"> them class="ok"> in class="ok"> their class="ok"> book. class="ok">
class="ok">
class="ok"> Let class="ok"> me class="ok"> take class="ok"> a class="ok"> moment class="ok"> on class="ok"> Peter class="ok"> Erlinder, class="ok"> since class="ok"> he's class="ok"> been class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> news class="ok"> recently. class="ok"> (I class="ok"> wrote class="ok"> about class="ok"> the class="ok"> case class="ok"> the class="ok"> other class="ok"> day class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> Globe class="ok"> and class="ok"> Mail). class="ok"> As class="ok"> of class="ok"> this class="ok"> writing, class="ok"> Erlinder class="ok"> is class="ok"> in class="ok"> prison class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda, class="ok"> charged, class="ok"> apparently class="ok"> to class="ok"> his class="ok"> great class="ok"> surprise, class="ok"> with class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> denial. class="ok"> I class="ok"> regret class="ok"> this class="ok"> decision class="ok"> by class="ok"> the class="ok"> Kagame class="ok"> government. class="ok"> I class="ok"> wish class="ok"> it class="ok"> had class="ok"> simply class="ok"> denied class="ok"> him class="ok"> entry class="ok"> when class="ok"> he class="ok"> provocatively class="ok"> showed class="ok"> up class="ok"> as class="ok"> counsel class="ok"> for class="ok"> Victoire class="ok"> Ingabire, class="ok"> a class="ok"> declared class="ok"> presidential class="ok"> candidate class="ok"> who class="ok"> is class="ok"> also class="ok"> controversially class="ok"> accused class="ok"> of class="ok"> being class="ok"> a class="ok"> denier. class="ok"> But class="ok"> no class="ok"> one class="ok"> could class="ok"> really class="ok"> be class="ok"> surprised class="ok"> at class="ok"> his class="ok"> arrest class="ok"> – class="ok"> especially class="ok"> Erlinder class="ok"> himself.
class="ok">
class="ok"> For class="ok"> Erlinder class="ok"> has class="ok"> explicitly class="ok"> conceded, class="ok"> more class="ok"> than class="ok"> once, class="ok"> that class="ok"> he class="ok"> knows class="ok"> he class="ok"> has class="ok"> broken class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> laws class="ok"> on class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> denial, class="ok"> and class="ok"> not class="ok"> in class="ok"> his class="ok"> work class="ok"> as class="ok"> a class="ok"> defence class="ok"> counsel class="ok"> at class="ok"> the class="ok"> International class="ok"> Criminal class="ok"> Tribunal class="ok"> For class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> (ICTR). class="ok"> For class="ok"> example, class="ok"> in class="ok"> a class="ok"> February class="ok"> 2008 class="ok"> article class="ok"> titled class="ok"> ‘Genocide class="ok"> Cover-up’, class="ok"> Erlinder class="ok"> writes class="ok"> that class="ok"> ‘under class="ok"> the class="ok"> laws class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> I class="ok"> too class="ok"> am class="ok"> a class="ok"> criminal class="ok"> “negationist” class="ok"> for class="ok"> writing class="ok"> this class="ok"> essay.’ class="ok"> And class="ok"> in class="ok"> a class="ok"> May class="ok"> 2008 class="ok"> article, class="ok"> ‘Victor's class="ok"> Impunity’, class="ok"> he class="ok"> agrees class="ok"> that class="ok"> ‘Under class="ok"> the class="ok"> laws class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda, class="ok"> I class="ok"> have class="ok"> violated class="ok"> the class="ok"> ban class="ok"> against class="ok"> “negationism” class="ok"> by class="ok"> questioning class="ok"> the class="ok"> Kagame class="ok"> version class="ok"> of class="ok"> events.’ class="ok"> Of class="ok"> course class="ok"> he class="ok"> considers class="ok"> the class="ok"> laws class="ok"> he class="ok"> violated class="ok"> to class="ok"> be class="ok"> unjust. class="ok"> Nevertheless, class="ok"> he class="ok"> chose class="ok"> to class="ok"> enter class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> aware class="ok"> he class="ok"> had class="ok"> broken class="ok"> them. class="ok"> Was class="ok"> this class="ok"> not class="ok"> daring class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> government class="ok"> to class="ok"> lock class="ok"> him class="ok"> up? class="ok"> Why class="ok"> would class="ok"> they class="ok"> not class="ok"> when class="ok"> he class="ok"> had class="ok"> confessed class="ok"> his class="ok"> guilt?
class="ok">
class="ok"> That class="ok"> was class="ok"> by class="ok"> no class="ok"> means class="ok"> his class="ok"> only class="ok"> provocation. class="ok"> Erlinder class="ok"> flew class="ok"> to class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> last class="ok"> month class="ok"> directly class="ok"> from class="ok"> a class="ok"> conference class="ok"> in class="ok"> Brussels class="ok"> that class="ok"> was class="ok"> notable class="ok"> for class="ok"> its class="ok"> collection class="ok"> of class="ok"> deniers class="ok"> and class="ok"> accused class="ok"> genocidaires. class="ok"> So class="ok"> extreme class="ok"> was class="ok"> the class="ok"> composition class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> conference class="ok"> that class="ok"> one class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> world's class="ok"> most class="ok"> rabid class="ok"> Kagame-haters class="ok"> withdrew class="ok"> his class="ok"> participation. class="ok"> Indeed, class="ok"> shortly class="ok"> after class="ok"> the class="ok"> conference class="ok"> French class="ok"> authorities class="ok"> arrested class="ok"> one class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> participants, class="ok"> Dr class="ok"> Eugene class="ok"> Rwamucyo, class="ok"> accused class="ok"> of class="ok"> taking class="ok"> part class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> genocide. class="ok">
class="ok">
class="ok"> Perhaps class="ok"> even class="ok"> worse, class="ok"> Erlinder class="ok"> has class="ok"> shamelessly class="ok"> distorted class="ok"> a class="ok"> ruling class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> ICTR class="ok"> on class="ok"> which class="ok"> he's class="ok"> based class="ok"> so class="ok"> many class="ok"> of class="ok"> his class="ok"> attacks class="ok"> on class="ok"> Kagame class="ok"> and class="ok"> company class="ok"> beyond class="ok"> the class="ok"> Tribunal. class="ok"> A class="ok"> 2008 class="ok"> judgment class="ok"> ruled class="ok"> that class="ok"> there class="ok"> was class="ok"> not class="ok"> sufficient class="ok"> evidence class="ok"> to class="ok"> find class="ok"> that class="ok"> Colonel class="ok"> Theoneste class="ok"> Bagosora, class="ok"> seen class="ok"> by class="ok"> many class="ok"> as class="ok"> the class="ok"> mastermind class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> genocide, class="ok"> had class="ok"> engaged class="ok"> in class="ok"> a class="ok"> conspiracy class="ok"> to class="ok"> exterminate class="ok"> all class="ok"> Tutsi. class="ok"> In class="ok"> a class="ok"> series class="ok"> of class="ok"> speeches class="ok"> and class="ok"> writings, class="ok"> including class="ok"> one class="ok"> of class="ok"> his class="ok"> better-known class="ok"> articles class="ok"> ‘Rwanda: class="ok"> No class="ok"> Conspiracy, class="ok"> No class="ok"> Genocide class="ok"> Planning…No class="ok"> Conspiracy?’ class="ok"> (Jurist, class="ok"> Dec. class="ok"> 24, class="ok"> 2008), class="ok"> Erlinder class="ok"> milked class="ok"> the class="ok"> decision class="ok"> for class="ok"> all class="ok"> he class="ok"> could. class="ok"> The class="ok"> title class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> article class="ok"> said class="ok"> it class="ok"> all, class="ok"> and class="ok"> the class="ok"> question class="ok"> mark class="ok"> of class="ok"> course class="ok"> really class="ok"> doesn’t class="ok"> exist class="ok"> in class="ok"> his class="ok"> mind. class="ok"> As class="ok"> he class="ok"> said class="ok"> shortly class="ok"> before class="ok"> leaving class="ok"> America, class="ok"> there class="ok"> ‘was class="ok"> no class="ok"> conspiracy class="ok"> or class="ok"> planning class="ok"> to class="ok"> commit class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> or class="ok"> other class="ok"> crime’. class="ok"> No class="ok"> planning, class="ok"> no class="ok"> genocide. class="ok"> What class="ok"> could class="ok"> be class="ok"> simpler? class="ok"> (Once class="ok"> arrested, class="ok"> however, class="ok"> he class="ok"> found class="ok"> it class="ok"> far class="ok"> more class="ok"> prudent class="ok"> to class="ok"> declare class="ok"> that class="ok"> he class="ok"> in class="ok"> fact class="ok"> did class="ok"> not class="ok"> deny class="ok"> the class="ok"> genocide.)
class="ok">
class="ok"> Yet class="ok"> in class="ok"> none class="ok"> of class="ok"> his class="ok"> frequent class="ok"> references class="ok"> to class="ok"> this class="ok"> judgment class="ok"> has class="ok"> Erlinder class="ok"> thought class="ok"> it class="ok"> worth class="ok"> including class="ok"> the class="ok"> following class="ok"> statements class="ok"> from class="ok"> the class="ok"> judgment: class="ok"> 1. class="ok"> ‘Indeed, class="ok"> these class="ok"> preparations class="ok"> [by class="ok"> the class="ok"> accused] class="ok"> are class="ok"> completely class="ok"> consistent class="ok"> with class="ok"> a class="ok"> plan class="ok"> to class="ok"> commit class="ok"> genocide.’ class="ok"> 2. class="ok"> ‘It class="ok"> cannot class="ok"> be class="ok"> excluded class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> extended class="ok"> campaign class="ok"> of class="ok"> violence class="ok"> directed class="ok"> against class="ok"> Tutsis, class="ok"> as class="ok"> such, class="ok"> became class="ok"> an class="ok"> added class="ok"> or class="ok"> an class="ok"> altered class="ok"> component class="ok"> of class="ok"> these class="ok"> preparations.’ class="ok"> Readers class="ok"> can class="ok"> judge class="ok"> for class="ok"> themselves class="ok"> whether class="ok"> this class="ok"> kind class="ok"> of class="ok"> intellectual class="ok"> dishonesty class="ok"> makes class="ok"> Erlinder class="ok"> a class="ok"> credible class="ok"> witness class="ok"> on class="ok"> any class="ok"> aspect class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> history.
class="ok">
class="ok"> On class="ok"> the class="ok"> other class="ok"> hand, class="ok"> there class="ok"> are class="ok"> other class="ok"> writers class="ok"> on class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> on class="ok"> whom class="ok"> Herman class="ok"> and class="ok"> Peterson class="ok"> do class="ok"> not class="ok"> rely. class="ok"> They class="ok"> are class="ok"> many class="ok"> in class="ok"> number class="ok"> and class="ok"> they class="ok"> are class="ok"> totally class="ok"> ignored, class="ok"> except class="ok"> for class="ok"> the class="ok"> late class="ok"> Alison class="ok"> Des class="ok"> Forges, class="ok"> who class="ok"> is class="ok"> shabbily class="ok"> denigrated. class="ok"> In class="ok"> fact class="ok"> they class="ok"> include class="ok"> the class="ok"> overwhelming class="ok"> number class="ok"> of class="ok"> those class="ok"> who class="ok"> have class="ok"> ever class="ok"> written class="ok"> about class="ok"> the class="ok"> genocide. class="ok"> They class="ok"> include class="ok"> academics, class="ok"> human class="ok"> rights class="ok"> activists, class="ok"> journalists class="ok"> who class="ok"> were class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> during class="ok"> the class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> or class="ok"> soon class="ok"> after, class="ok"> and class="ok"> others class="ok"> whose class="ok"> work class="ok"> brought class="ok"> them class="ok"> in class="ok"> close class="ok"> proximity class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> events class="ok"> of class="ok"> 1994. class="ok"> Without class="ok"> exception, class="ok"> every class="ok"> single class="ok"> one class="ok"> agrees class="ok"> there class="ok"> was class="ok"> a class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> planned class="ok"> and class="ok"> executed class="ok"> by class="ok"> a class="ok"> cabal class="ok"> of class="ok"> leading class="ok"> Hutu class="ok"> extremists class="ok"> against class="ok"> Rwanda's class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> minority. class="ok"> Except class="ok"> for class="ok"> Des class="ok"> Forges, class="ok"> plus class="ok"> Linda class="ok"> Melvern, class="ok"> whose class="ok"> indispensable class="ok"> oeuvre class="ok"> merits class="ok"> a class="ok"> lonely class="ok"> footnote, class="ok"> not class="ok"> a class="ok"> single class="ok"> one class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> following class="ok"> authors class="ok"> is class="ok"> cited class="ok"> by class="ok"> Herman class="ok"> and class="ok"> Peterson:
class="ok">
class="ok"> Alison class="ok"> Des class="ok"> Forges
class="ok">
class="ok"> Linda class="ok"> Melvern class="ok">
class="ok">
class="ok"> Alex class="ok"> de class="ok"> Waal
class="ok">
class="ok"> Rakiya class="ok"> Omaar
class="ok">
class="ok"> Gerard class="ok"> Prunier
class="ok">
class="ok"> Romeo class="ok"> Dallaire
class="ok">
class="ok"> Peter class="ok"> Uvin
class="ok">
class="ok"> Rene class="ok"> Lemarchand
class="ok">
class="ok"> Scott class="ok"> Straus
class="ok">
class="ok"> Andrew class="ok"> Wallis
class="ok">
class="ok"> Jean class="ok"> Hatzfeld class="ok">
class="ok">
class="ok"> Samuel class="ok"> Totten
class="ok">
class="ok"> Mahmood class="ok"> Mamdani
class="ok">
class="ok"> Scott class="ok"> Peterson
class="ok">
class="ok"> William class="ok"> Schabas
class="ok">
class="ok"> Timothy class="ok"> Longman
class="ok">
class="ok"> Christian class="ok"> Jennings
class="ok">
class="ok"> Fergal class="ok"> Keane
class="ok">
class="ok"> Howard class="ok"> Adelman class="ok">
class="ok">
class="ok"> Astri class="ok"> Suhrke
class="ok">
class="ok"> Villia class="ok"> Jefremovas
class="ok">
class="ok"> Michael class="ok"> Barnett
class="ok">
class="ok"> Alain class="ok"> Destexhe
class="ok">
class="ok"> John class="ok"> Berry class="ok"> and class="ok"> Carol class="ok"> Berry
class="ok">
class="ok"> Wendy class="ok"> Whitworth
class="ok">
class="ok"> Allan class="ok"> Thompson
class="ok">
class="ok"> Kingsley class="ok"> Moghalu
class="ok">
class="ok"> Susan class="ok"> Cook
class="ok">
class="ok"> Philip class="ok"> Gourevitch
class="ok">
class="ok"> Carol class="ok"> Rittner
class="ok">
class="ok"> John class="ok"> Roth
class="ok">
class="ok"> Henry class="ok"> Anyidoho
class="ok">
class="ok"> Patrick class="ok"> de class="ok"> Saint-Exupery
class="ok">
class="ok"> Frank class="ok"> Chalk
class="ok">
class="ok"> Bill class="ok"> Berkeley
class="ok">
class="ok"> Colette class="ok"> Braeckman
class="ok">
class="ok"> Jean-Pierre class="ok"> Chrétien
class="ok">
class="ok"> Bruce class="ok"> D. class="ok"> Jones
class="ok">
class="ok"> Hugh class="ok"> McCullum
class="ok">
class="ok"> Ingvar class="ok"> Carlsson
class="ok">
class="ok"> James class="ok"> Smith
class="ok">
class="ok"> Shaharyar class="ok"> Khan
class="ok">
class="ok"> Elizabeth class="ok"> Neuffer
class="ok">
class="ok"> Alan class="ok"> Kuperman
class="ok">
class="ok"> Before class="ok"> we class="ok"> dismiss class="ok"> all class="ok"> these class="ok"> authors class="ok"> as class="ok"> tools class="ok"> of class="ok"> Yanky class="ok"> imperialism, class="ok"> it class="ok"> needs class="ok"> to class="ok"> be class="ok"> added class="ok"> that class="ok"> several class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> most class="ok"> prominent class="ok"> – class="ok"> Des class="ok"> Forges, class="ok"> Uvin, class="ok"> Prunier, class="ok"> Lemarchand, class="ok"> Kuperman class="ok"> – class="ok"> are class="ok"> (or class="ok"> were) class="ok"> fierce class="ok"> critics class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> post-genocide class="ok"> Kagame class="ok"> government class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda. class="ok"> Yet class="ok"> none class="ok"> has class="ok"> thought class="ok"> to class="ok"> retract class="ok"> their class="ok"> original class="ok"> views class="ok"> on class="ok"> the class="ok"> reality class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> genocide. class="ok">
class="ok">
class="ok"> There class="ok"> are class="ok"> of class="ok"> course class="ok"> also class="ok"> the class="ok"> many class="ok"> grim class="ok"> testimonies class="ok"> of class="ok"> both class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> who class="ok"> somehow class="ok"> survived class="ok"> and class="ok"> Hutu class="ok"> who class="ok"> are class="ok"> confessed class="ok"> genocidaires. class="ok"> Both class="ok"> kinds class="ok"> are class="ok"> now class="ok"> widely class="ok"> available class="ok"> in class="ok"> published class="ok"> collections class="ok"> or class="ok"> online; class="ok"> the class="ok"> three class="ok"> volumes class="ok"> by class="ok"> French class="ok"> journalist class="ok"> Jean class="ok"> Hatzfeld class="ok"> are class="ok"> a class="ok"> good class="ok"> beginning. class="ok"> Not class="ok"> a class="ok"> single class="ok"> such class="ok"> testimony class="ok"> or class="ok"> collection class="ok"> is class="ok"> referred class="ok"> to class="ok"> in class="ok"> ‘The class="ok"> Politics class="ok"> of class="ok"> Genocide’, class="ok"> and class="ok"> in class="ok"> fact class="ok"> I've class="ok"> never class="ok"> yet class="ok"> met class="ok"> a class="ok"> denier class="ok"> who class="ok"> had class="ok"> the class="ok"> guts class="ok"> to class="ok"> make class="ok"> his class="ok"> case class="ok"> before class="ok"> an class="ok"> audience class="ok"> of class="ok"> survivors.
class="ok">
class="ok"> Nor class="ok"> is class="ok"> a class="ok"> single class="ok"> mention class="ok"> made class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> testimonies class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> few class="ok"> outsiders class="ok"> who class="ok"> remained class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> through class="ok"> all class="ok"> or class="ok"> much class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> 100 class="ok"> days: class="ok">
class="ok">
class="ok"> Romeo class="ok"> Dallaire class="ok"> (UN class="ok"> Assistance class="ok"> Mission class="ok"> for class="ok"> Rwanda–UNAMIR)
class="ok">
class="ok"> James class="ok"> Orbinski class="ok"> (Medicíns class="ok"> Sans class="ok"> Frontiérès)
class="ok">
class="ok"> Phillippe class="ok"> Gaillard class="ok"> (International class="ok"> Committee class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Red class="ok"> Cross)
class="ok">
class="ok"> Carl class="ok"> Wilkens class="ok"> (Adventist class="ok"> Development class="ok"> and class="ok"> Relief class="ok"> Agency class="ok"> International) class="ok">
class="ok">
class="ok"> Henry class="ok"> Anyidoho class="ok"> (UNAMIR)
class="ok">
class="ok"> As class="ok"> it class="ok"> happens, class="ok"> I class="ok"> know class="ok"> all class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> above class="ok"> and class="ok"> none class="ok"> has class="ok"> the class="ok"> slightest class="ok"> doubt, class="ok"> having class="ok"> lived class="ok"> through class="ok"> it, class="ok"> that class="ok"> a class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> organised class="ok"> against class="ok"> the class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> took class="ok"> place. class="ok"> Three class="ok"> of class="ok"> them class="ok"> – class="ok"> Dallaire, class="ok"> Orbinski class="ok"> and class="ok"> Anyidoho class="ok"> – class="ok"> have class="ok"> written class="ok"> about class="ok"> their class="ok"> experiences. class="ok"> Of class="ok"> course, class="ok"> some class="ok"> of class="ok"> Herman class="ok"> and class="ok"> Peterson's class="ok"> most class="ok"> treasured class="ok"> sources class="ok"> like class="ok"> Robin class="ok"> Philpot class="ok"> insist class="ok"> that class="ok"> General class="ok"> Dallaire class="ok"> was class="ok"> also class="ok"> an class="ok"> American class="ok"> puppet. class="ok"> So class="ok"> we class="ok"> can class="ok"> obviously class="ok"> ignore class="ok"> Dallaire's class="ok"> views class="ok"> completely.
class="ok">
class="ok">

How class="ok"> Deniers class="ok"> Handle class="ok"> Inconvenient class="ok"> Opinions


class="ok">
class="ok"> As class="ok"> for class="ok"> Alison class="ok"> Des class="ok"> Forges, class="ok"> until class="ok"> her class="ok"> untimely class="ok"> death class="ok"> perhaps class="ok"> the class="ok"> most class="ok"> prominent class="ok"> scholar class="ok"> and class="ok"> activist class="ok"> on class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> file, class="ok"> she class="ok"> is class="ok"> dismissed class="ok"> as class="ok"> following: class="ok"> ‘[Prior class="ok"> to class="ok"> 1993], class="ok"> des class="ok"> Forges class="ok"> had class="ok"> worked class="ok"> for class="ok"> the class="ok"> US class="ok"> Department class="ok"> of class="ok"> State class="ok"> and class="ok"> National class="ok"> Security class="ok"> Council.’ class="ok"> Nothing class="ok"> more class="ok"> is class="ok"> said class="ok"> to class="ok"> disqualify class="ok"> des class="ok"> Forges, class="ok"> so class="ok"> we class="ok"> must class="ok"> conclude class="ok"> that class="ok"> simply class="ok"> working class="ok"> for class="ok"> these class="ok"> bodies class="ok"> demonstrates class="ok"> the class="ok"> unreliability class="ok"> of class="ok"> her class="ok"> views class="ok"> on class="ok"> the class="ok"> genocide. class="ok"> That class="ok"> her class="ok"> MA class="ok"> and class="ok"> Ph.D. class="ok"> theses class="ok"> were class="ok"> on class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> history, class="ok"> that class="ok"> she class="ok"> knew class="ok"> the class="ok"> country class="ok"> for class="ok"> 30 class="ok"> years class="ok"> before class="ok"> the class="ok"> genocide, class="ok"> that class="ok"> she class="ok"> was class="ok"> among class="ok"> a class="ok"> tiny class="ok"> number class="ok"> of class="ok"> outsiders class="ok"> who class="ok"> spoke class="ok"> Kinyarwanda, class="ok"> that class="ok"> she class="ok"> spent class="ok"> five class="ok"> years class="ok"> after class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> researching class="ok"> the class="ok"> crisis, class="ok"> that class="ok"> her class="ok"> ‘Leave class="ok"> None class="ok"> to class="ok"> Tell class="ok"> the class="ok"> Story’ class="ok"> is class="ok"> a class="ok"> highly-respected class="ok"> encyclopaedic class="ok"> history class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> – class="ok"> all class="ok"> this class="ok"> is class="ok"> irrelevant class="ok"> to class="ok"> Herman class="ok"> and class="ok"> Peterson. class="ok"> In class="ok"> their class="ok"> obsessive class="ok"> anti-Americanism, class="ok"> they class="ok"> blithely class="ok"> smear class="ok"> des class="ok"> Forges class="ok"> entire class="ok"> life: class="ok"> ‘Alison class="ok"> Des class="ok"> Forge's class="ok"> career class="ok"> is class="ok"> best class="ok"> understood class="ok"> in class="ok"> terms class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> services class="ok"> she class="ok"> performed class="ok"> on class="ok"> behalf class="ok"> of class="ok"> US class="ok"> power-projection class="ok"> in class="ok"> Central class="ok"> Africa, class="ok"> with class="ok"> this class="ok"> policy-oriented class="ok"> work class="ok"> couched class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> rhetoric class="ok"> of class="ok"> 'human class="ok"> rights'. class="ok"> In class="ok"> the class="ok"> process, class="ok"> Des class="ok"> Forges class="ok"> badly class="ok"> misinformed class="ok"> a class="ok"> whole class="ok"> generation class="ok"> of class="ok"> scholars, class="ok"> activists, class="ok"> and class="ok"> the class="ok"> cause class="ok"> of class="ok"> peace class="ok"> and class="ok"> justice.’ class="ok"> But class="ok"> if class="ok"> she class="ok"> was class="ok"> such class="ok"> a class="ok"> loyal class="ok"> American class="ok"> hack, class="ok"> why class="ok"> was class="ok"> she class="ok"> such class="ok"> an class="ok"> unrestrained class="ok"> critic class="ok"> of class="ok"> America's class="ok"> great class="ok"> ally class="ok"> Kagame? class="ok"> This class="ok"> obvious class="ok"> contradiction class="ok"> is class="ok"> of class="ok"> no class="ok"> apparent class="ok"> interest class="ok"> to class="ok"> Herman class="ok"> and class="ok"> Peterson.
class="ok">
class="ok"> The class="ok"> work class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> 1993 class="ok"> International class="ok"> Commission class="ok"> of class="ok"> Inquiry class="ok"> into class="ok"> Human class="ok"> Rights class="ok"> Abuses class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> is class="ok"> similarly class="ok"> dismissed. class="ok"> The class="ok"> Inquiry class="ok"> brought class="ok"> together class="ok"> four class="ok"> well-known class="ok"> human class="ok"> rights class="ok"> organisations class="ok"> whose class="ok"> investigation class="ok"> led class="ok"> them class="ok"> to class="ok"> conclude class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> Habyarimana class="ok"> government class="ok"> was class="ok"> deliberately class="ok"> targeting class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> for class="ok"> massacre, class="ok"> that class="ok"> extremists class="ok"> anti-Tutsi class="ok"> rhetoric class="ok"> was class="ok"> growing class="ok"> and class="ok"> that class="ok"> anti-Tutsi class="ok"> militia class="ok"> were class="ok"> being class="ok"> formed. class="ok"> Yet class="ok"> none class="ok"> of class="ok"> this class="ok"> needs class="ok"> to class="ok"> be class="ok"> taken class="ok"> seriously. class="ok"> Why? class="ok"> Because class="ok"> the class="ok"> Commission class="ok"> was class="ok"> little class="ok"> more class="ok"> than class="ok"> an class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> front, class="ok"> ‘either class="ok"> directly class="ok"> funded class="ok"> by class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> or class="ok"> infiltrated class="ok"> by class="ok"> it’. class="ok"> The class="ok"> sole class="ok"> source class="ok"> for class="ok"> this class="ok"> very class="ok"> serious class="ok"> accusation class="ok"> – class="ok"> made class="ok"> by class="ok"> no class="ok"> others class="ok"> of class="ok"> whom class="ok"> I'm class="ok"> aware class="ok"> – class="ok"> is class="ok"> Robin class="ok"> Philpot, class="ok"> Canada's class="ok"> preeminent class="ok"> denier class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> genocide. class="ok">
class="ok">
class="ok"> Is class="ok"> Philpot's class="ok"> charge class="ok"> remotely class="ok"> credible? class="ok"> Has class="ok"> he class="ok"> exposed class="ok"> some class="ok"> deep class="ok"> conspiracy class="ok"> no class="ok"> one class="ok"> else class="ok"> has class="ok"> ever class="ok"> detected? class="ok"> By class="ok"> coincidence, class="ok"> I class="ok"> know class="ok"> both class="ok"> the class="ok"> person class="ok"> who class="ok"> initiated class="ok"> the class="ok"> Commission class="ok"> of class="ok"> Inquiry, class="ok"> Ed class="ok"> Broadbent, class="ok"> and class="ok"> one class="ok"> of class="ok"> its class="ok"> members, class="ok"> William class="ok"> Schabas. class="ok"> (Alison class="ok"> Des class="ok"> Forges class="ok"> was class="ok"> another class="ok"> member, class="ok"> representing class="ok"> Human class="ok"> Rights class="ok"> Watch.) class="ok"> Instead class="ok"> of class="ok"> just class="ok"> dismissing class="ok"> the class="ok"> Philpot class="ok"> charge, class="ok"> I class="ok"> asked class="ok"> each class="ok"> of class="ok"> them class="ok"> about class="ok"> the class="ok"> Commission. class="ok"> Broadbent, class="ok"> a class="ok"> former class="ok"> leader class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> New class="ok"> Democratic class="ok"> Party class="ok"> of class="ok"> Canada, class="ok"> was class="ok"> then class="ok"> the class="ok"> president class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rights class="ok"> and class="ok"> Democracy, class="ok"> an class="ok"> independent class="ok"> Canadian-based class="ok"> international class="ok"> human class="ok"> rights class="ok"> organisation class="ok"> funded class="ok"> by class="ok"> the class="ok"> Conservative class="ok"> government class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> day. class="ok"> I class="ok"> spoke class="ok"> to class="ok"> him class="ok"> by class="ok"> phone. class="ok"> Rumours class="ok"> of class="ok"> foul class="ok"> doings class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> took class="ok"> him class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> country class="ok"> in class="ok"> 1992, class="ok"> he class="ok"> told class="ok"> me, class="ok"> and class="ok"> he class="ok"> was class="ok"> so class="ok"> shaken class="ok"> by class="ok"> the class="ok"> evidence class="ok"> he class="ok"> found class="ok"> of class="ok"> violence class="ok"> and class="ok"> discrimination class="ok"> against class="ok"> the class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> minority class="ok"> that class="ok"> he class="ok"> organised class="ok"> and class="ok"> mostly class="ok"> funded class="ok"> the class="ok"> International class="ok"> Commission class="ok"> to class="ok"> follow class="ok"> up class="ok"> his class="ok"> work. class="ok"> He class="ok"> told class="ok"> me class="ok"> he class="ok"> is class="ok"> simply class="ok"> incredulous class="ok"> that class="ok"> anyone class="ok"> would class="ok"> claim class="ok"> a class="ok"> role class="ok"> for class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> in class="ok"> its class="ok"> work, class="ok"> since class="ok"> it class="ok"> wasn't class="ok"> true.
class="ok">
class="ok"> Broadbent class="ok"> asked class="ok"> William class="ok"> Schabas, class="ok"> then class="ok"> professor class="ok"> of class="ok"> human class="ok"> rights class="ok"> law class="ok"> at class="ok"> the class="ok"> Universite class="ok"> du class="ok"> Quebec class="ok"> a class="ok"> Montréal, class="ok"> to class="ok"> represent class="ok"> Rights class="ok"> and class="ok"> Democracy class="ok"> in class="ok"> this class="ok"> investigation. class="ok"> Schabas class="ok"> is class="ok"> now class="ok"> director class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Irish class="ok"> Centre class="ok"> for class="ok"> Human class="ok"> Rights class="ok"> at class="ok"> the class="ok"> National class="ok"> University class="ok"> of class="ok"> Ireland class="ok"> in class="ok"> Galway, class="ok"> where class="ok"> he class="ok"> also class="ok"> holds class="ok"> the class="ok"> chair class="ok"> in class="ok"> human class="ok"> rights class="ok"> law. class="ok"> In class="ok"> an class="ok"> email, class="ok"> Schabas class="ok"> told class="ok"> me class="ok"> he class="ok"> had class="ok"> never class="ok"> been class="ok"> to class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> before class="ok"> this class="ok"> mission class="ok"> and class="ok"> knew class="ok"> nothing class="ok"> about class="ok"> the class="ok"> country. class="ok"> ‘I class="ok"> certainly class="ok"> never class="ok"> detected class="ok"> any class="ok"> pro-RPF class="ok"> sentiment class="ok"> from class="ok"> Ed…There class="ok"> was class="ok"> one class="ok"> member class="ok"> who class="ok"> seemed class="ok"> to class="ok"> be class="ok"> a class="ok"> sympathiser class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPF…Otherwise, class="ok"> many class="ok"> members class="ok"> were class="ok"> quite class="ok"> openly class="ok"> critical class="ok"> of class="ok"> or class="ok"> hostile class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPF.’
class="ok">
class="ok"> Is class="ok"> this class="ok"> just class="ok"> a class="ok"> case class="ok"> of class="ok"> ‘he class="ok"> said–they class="ok"> said’? class="ok"> Does class="ok"> an class="ok"> open-minded class="ok"> reader class="ok"> consider class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> accusations class="ok"> of class="ok"> Robin class="ok"> Philpot, class="ok"> a class="ok"> man class="ok"> who class="ok"> also class="ok"> believes class="ok"> General class="ok"> Dallaire class="ok"> was class="ok"> an class="ok"> American class="ok"> stooge, class="ok"> are class="ok"> as class="ok"> worthy class="ok"> of class="ok"> consideration class="ok"> as class="ok"> the class="ok"> two class="ok"> statements class="ok"> by class="ok"> Ed class="ok"> Broadbent class="ok"> and class="ok"> William class="ok"> Schabas? class="ok"> Are class="ok"> both class="ok"> Broadbent class="ok"> and class="ok"> Schabas, class="ok"> 17 class="ok"> years class="ok"> later, class="ok"> blatantly class="ok"> lying class="ok"> to class="ok"> me, class="ok"> just class="ok"> as class="ok"> Dallaire's class="ok"> entire class="ok"> life class="ok"> for class="ok"> the class="ok"> past class="ok"> 17 class="ok"> years class="ok"> must class="ok"> be class="ok"> a class="ok"> lie?
class="ok">
class="ok"> Or class="ok"> does class="ok"> one class="ok"> rather class="ok"> draw class="ok"> another class="ok"> conclusion class="ok"> about class="ok"> how class="ok"> the class="ok"> deniers class="ok"> operate? class="ok"> If class="ok"> there class="ok"> are class="ok"> views class="ok"> that class="ok"> contradict class="ok"> your class="ok"> own, class="ok"> you class="ok"> simply class="ok"> dismiss class="ok"> them class="ok"> as class="ok"> tools class="ok"> of class="ok"> either class="ok"> the class="ok"> US class="ok"> State class="ok"> Department class="ok"> or class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPF. class="ok"> Further class="ok"> proof class="ok"> is class="ok"> not class="ok"> required.
class="ok">
class="ok">

The class="ok"> Ugly class="ok"> Americans class="ok"> Are class="ok"> Everywhere


class="ok">
class="ok"> Let class="ok"> me class="ok"> cite class="ok"> the class="ok"> authors class="ok"> themselves class="ok"> to class="ok"> assure class="ok"> readers class="ok"> I class="ok"> haven't class="ok"> exaggerated class="ok"> or class="ok"> distorted class="ok"> their class="ok"> extraordinary class="ok"> re-writing class="ok"> of class="ok"> history. class="ok"> Chapter class="ok"> 4 class="ok"> of class="ok"> their class="ok"> little class="ok"> book class="ok"> is class="ok"> devoted class="ok"> to class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> and class="ok"> the class="ok"> Congo class="ok"> and class="ok"> its class="ok"> 18 class="ok"> pages class="ok"> constitute class="ok"> far class="ok"> and class="ok"> away class="ok"> their class="ok"> longest class="ok"> case class="ok"> study.
class="ok">
class="ok"> They class="ok"> begin class="ok"> by class="ok"> asserting class="ok"> that class="ok"> ‘the class="ok"> Western class="ok"> establishment class="ok"> [has] class="ok"> swallowed class="ok"> a class="ok"> propaganda class="ok"> line class="ok"> on class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> that class="ok"> turned class="ok"> perpetrator class="ok"> and class="ok"> victim class="ok"> upside-down’. class="ok"> In class="ok"> their class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> story, class="ok"> it's class="ok"> not class="ok"> Hutu class="ok"> extremists, class="ok"> the class="ok"> Presidential class="ok"> Guard, class="ok"> the class="ok"> post-Habyarimana class="ok"> interim class="ok"> government class="ok"> and class="ok"> the class="ok"> interahamwe class="ok"> militia class="ok"> who class="ok"> were class="ok"> the class="ok"> ‘prime class="ok"> genocidaires’. class="ok"> It class="ok"> was class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPF. class="ok"> As class="ok"> a class="ok"> matter class="ok"> of class="ok"> fact, class="ok"> ‘the class="ok"> Hutu class="ok"> members class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda's class="ok"> power-sharing class="ok"> government class="ok"> couldn't class="ok"> possibly class="ok"> have class="ok"> planned class="ok"> a class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> against class="ok"> the class="ok"> Tutsi.’ class="ok"> In class="ok"> fact, class="ok"> President class="ok"> Habyarimana class="ok"> repeatedly class="ok"> refused, class="ok"> until class="ok"> literally class="ok"> the class="ok"> end class="ok"> of class="ok"> his class="ok"> life, class="ok"> to class="ok"> implement class="ok"> the class="ok"> power-sharing class="ok"> agreement class="ok"> set class="ok"> out class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> Arusha class="ok"> Accords. class="ok"> In class="ok"> any class="ok"> event, class="ok"> why class="ok"> the class="ok"> Hutu class="ok"> members class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> government class="ok"> ‘couldn't class="ok"> possibly class="ok"> have class="ok"> planned class="ok"> a class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> against class="ok"> the class="ok"> Tutsi’ class="ok"> is class="ok"> never class="ok"> remotely class="ok"> explained. class="ok">
class="ok">
class="ok"> Next: class="ok"> The class="ok"> 1990 class="ok"> invasion class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> from class="ok"> Uganda class="ok"> was class="ok"> carried class="ok"> out class="ok"> not class="ok"> by class="ok"> Rwandans class="ok"> but class="ok"> by class="ok"> Ugandan class="ok"> forces class="ok"> under class="ok"> Ugandan class="ok"> President class="ok"> Museveni, class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> being class="ok"> ‘a class="ok"> wing class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Ugandan class="ok"> army’. class="ok"> There class="ok"> is class="ok"> no class="ok"> source class="ok"> given class="ok"> for class="ok"> this class="ok"> assertion, class="ok"> which class="ok"> contradicts class="ok"> almost class="ok"> all class="ok"> other class="ok"> histories class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> invasion.
class="ok">
class="ok"> ‘It class="ok"> is class="ok"> clear class="ok"> that class="ok"> Museveni class="ok"> and class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> were class="ok"> perceived class="ok"> as class="ok"> serving class="ok"> US class="ok"> interests class="ok"> and class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> government class="ok"> of class="ok"> President class="ok"> Habyarimana class="ok"> was class="ok"> targeted class="ok"> for class="ok"> ouster…The class="ok"> Ugandan class="ok"> army class="ok"> and class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> were class="ok"> doing class="ok"> what class="ok"> the class="ok"> United class="ok"> States class="ok"> wanted class="ok"> done class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda.’ class="ok"> This class="ok"> is class="ok"> the class="ok"> central class="ok"> thesis class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> entire class="ok"> chapter class="ok"> on class="ok"> Rwanda, class="ok"> but class="ok"> the class="ok"> only class="ok"> source class="ok"> who class="ok"> actually class="ok"> ‘perceives’ class="ok"> matters class="ok"> this class="ok"> way class="ok"> seems class="ok"> to class="ok"> be class="ok"> Robin class="ok"> Philpot, class="ok"> the class="ok"> Canadian class="ok"> who class="ok"> denies class="ok"> the class="ok"> genocide, class="ok"> since class="ok"> he class="ok"> is class="ok"> the class="ok"> only class="ok"> source class="ok"> offered class="ok"> for class="ok"> this class="ok"> categorical class="ok"> assertion. class="ok"> No class="ok"> other class="ok"> historian class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> of class="ok"> whom class="ok"> I'm class="ok"> aware class="ok"> makes class="ok"> this class="ok"> claim class="ok"> and class="ok"> no class="ok"> evidence class="ok"> for class="ok"> it class="ok"> exists. class="ok">
class="ok">
class="ok"> Turning class="ok"> Linda class="ok"> Melvern’s class="ok"> seminal class="ok"> book class="ok"> ‘Conspiracy class="ok"> to class="ok"> Murder’ class="ok"> on class="ok"> its class="ok"> head, class="ok"> the class="ok"> authors class="ok"> give class="ok"> us class="ok"> ‘an class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> conspiracy’ class="ok"> to class="ok"> overthrow class="ok"> the class="ok"> Hutu class="ok"> government class="ok"> and class="ok"> capture class="ok"> the class="ok"> state class="ok"> for class="ok"> themselves. class="ok"> Since class="ok"> one class="ok"> of class="ok"> their class="ok"> sources, class="ok"> Christopher class="ok"> Black, class="ok"> considers class="ok"> Melvern class="ok"> part class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> ‘RPF-US class="ok"> propaganda class="ok"> machine’, class="ok"> she class="ok"> too class="ok"> can class="ok"> be class="ok"> dismissed. class="ok"> But class="ok"> then class="ok"> why, class="ok"> they class="ok"> want class="ok"> to class="ok"> know, class="ok"> has class="ok"> the class="ok"> International class="ok"> Criminal class="ok"> Tribunal class="ok"> for class="ok"> Rwanda( class="ok"> ICTR) class="ok"> ‘never class="ok"> once class="ok"> entertained class="ok"> the class="ok"> question class="ok"> of class="ok"> this class="ok"> conspiracy?’ class="ok"> This class="ok"> is class="ok"> indeed class="ok"> a class="ok"> reasonable class="ok"> question; class="ok"> I class="ok"> wondered class="ok"> about class="ok"> it class="ok"> myself. class="ok"> Here class="ok"> is class="ok"> their class="ok"> answer: class="ok"> ‘This, class="ok"> we class="ok"> believe, class="ok"> flows class="ok"> from class="ok"> US class="ok"> and class="ok"> allied class="ok"> support class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPF, class="ok"> reflected class="ok"> in class="ok"> media class="ok"> coverage, class="ok"> humanitarian class="ok"> intellectuals' class="ok"> and class="ok"> NGO class="ok"> activism, class="ok"> as class="ok"> well class="ok"> as class="ok"> the class="ok"> ICTR's class="ok"> jurisprudence.’ class="ok"> In class="ok"> other class="ok"> words, class="ok"> a class="ok"> giant class="ok"> US-led class="ok"> conspiracy class="ok"> is class="ok"> at class="ok"> work class="ok"> here.
class="ok">
class="ok"> Dupes class="ok"> like class="ok"> me class="ok"> and class="ok"> most class="ok"> other class="ok"> writers class="ok"> believe class="ok"> the class="ok"> US class="ok"> and class="ok"> its class="ok"> allies class="ok"> betrayed class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> by class="ok"> refusing class="ok"> to class="ok"> reinforce class="ok"> the class="ok"> UN class="ok"> military class="ok"> mission class="ok"> there, class="ok"> as class="ok"> general class="ok"> Dallaire class="ok"> was class="ok"> pleading class="ok"> with class="ok"> them class="ok"> to class="ok"> do. class="ok"> Eyewitnesses class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> believed class="ok"> they class="ok"> witnessed class="ok"> for class="ok"> themselves class="ok"> what class="ok"> was class="ok"> developing. class="ok"> The class="ok"> media class="ok"> actually class="ok"> played class="ok"> a class="ok"> deplorable class="ok"> role class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> first class="ok"> month class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> genocide, class="ok"> confusing class="ok"> a class="ok"> planned class="ok"> extermination class="ok"> with class="ok"> racist class="ok"> views class="ok"> of class="ok"> ‘primordial class="ok"> African class="ok"> savagery’. class="ok"> And class="ok"> the class="ok"> many class="ok"> different class="ok"> ICTR class="ok"> judges class="ok"> over class="ok"> 15 class="ok"> years, class="ok"> from class="ok"> around class="ok"> the class="ok"> globe, class="ok"> all class="ok"> pretended class="ok"> to class="ok"> base class="ok"> their class="ok"> findings class="ok"> on class="ok"> the class="ok"> legal class="ok"> evidence. class="ok"> Yet class="ok"> in class="ok"> reality, class="ok"> all class="ok"> this class="ok"> time class="ok"> everyone class="ok"> was class="ok"> subtly class="ok"> being class="ok"> manipulated class="ok"> by class="ok"> the class="ok"> United class="ok"> States. class="ok"> Indeed, class="ok"> so class="ok"> subtle class="ok"> was class="ok"> the class="ok"> manipulation class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> devilishly class="ok"> cunning class="ok"> Yanks class="ok"> left class="ok"> no class="ok"> proof class="ok"> of class="ok"> it. class="ok"> Moreover, class="ok"> every class="ok"> leading class="ok"> member class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Clinton class="ok"> administration, class="ok"> including class="ok"> the class="ok"> president class="ok"> himself, class="ok"> Hillary class="ok"> Clinton class="ok"> and class="ok"> Madeleine class="ok"> Albright, class="ok"> after class="ok"> her class="ok"> stint class="ok"> as class="ok"> ambassador class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> UN class="ok"> as class="ok"> Clinton's class="ok"> Secretary class="ok"> of class="ok"> State, class="ok"> have class="ok"> shamefacedly class="ok"> admitted class="ok"> abandoning class="ok"> the class="ok"> Tutsi. class="ok"> Each class="ok"> claims class="ok"> to class="ok"> consider class="ok"> it class="ok"> perhaps class="ok"> the class="ok"> greatest class="ok"> regret class="ok"> of class="ok"> his/her class="ok"> time class="ok"> in class="ok"> office, class="ok"> merely class="ok"> demonstrating, class="ok"> of class="ok"> course, class="ok"> what class="ok"> unconscionable class="ok"> hypocrites class="ok"> they class="ok"> are.
class="ok">
class="ok"> Herman class="ok"> and class="ok"> Peterson class="ok"> hammer class="ok"> their class="ok"> charge class="ok"> home: class="ok"> ‘Paul class="ok"> Kagame class="ok"> and class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> were class="ok"> creatures class="ok"> of class="ok"> US class="ok"> power class="ok"> from class="ok"> their class="ok"> origins class="ok"> in class="ok"> Uganda class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> 1980s’. class="ok"> They class="ok"> have class="ok"> the class="ok"> undisputed class="ok"> evidence. class="ok"> From class="ok"> Allan class="ok"> Stam, class="ok"> ‘a class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> scholar class="ok"> who class="ok"> once class="ok"> served class="ok"> with class="ok"> the class="ok"> US class="ok"> Army class="ok"> Special class="ok"> Forces,’ class="ok"> they class="ok"> learn class="ok"> that class="ok"> Kagame class="ok"> ‘had class="ok"> spent class="ok"> some class="ok"> time class="ok"> at class="ok"> Fort class="ok"> Leavenworth…not class="ok"> too class="ok"> far class="ok"> before class="ok"> the class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> genocide’. class="ok"> Fort class="ok"> Leavenworth, class="ok"> Stam class="ok"> explains, class="ok"> is class="ok"> ‘where class="ok"> rising class="ok"> stars class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> US class="ok"> military class="ok"> and class="ok"> other class="ok"> places class="ok"> go class="ok"> to class="ok"> get class="ok"> training…The class="ok"> training class="ok"> that class="ok"> they class="ok"> get class="ok"> there class="ok"> is class="ok"> on class="ok"> planning class="ok"> large-scale class="ok"> operations. class="ok"> It's class="ok"> not class="ok"> planning class="ok"> small-scale class="ok"> logistics. class="ok"> It’s class="ok"> not class="ok"> tactics. class="ok"> It's class="ok"> about class="ok"> how class="ok"> do class="ok"> you class="ok"> plan class="ok"> an class="ok"> invasion. class="ok"> And class="ok"> apparently class="ok"> [Kagame] class="ok"> did class="ok"> very class="ok"> well.’
class="ok">
class="ok"> This class="ok"> crucial class="ok"> paragraph class="ok"> deserves class="ok"> a class="ok"> little class="ok"> parsing. class="ok"> To class="ok"> begin, class="ok"> it's class="ok"> absolutely class="ok"> no class="ok"> secret class="ok"> that class="ok"> Kagame class="ok"> was class="ok"> briefly class="ok"> at class="ok"> Fort class="ok"> Leavenworth, class="ok"> though class="ok"> Stam class="ok"> doesn't class="ok"> mention class="ok"> how class="ok"> very class="ok"> brief class="ok"> his class="ok"> stay class="ok"> was. class="ok"> Kagame class="ok"> himself class="ok"> has class="ok"> never class="ok"> kept class="ok"> it class="ok"> a class="ok"> secret. class="ok"> Note class="ok"> too class="ok"> that class="ok"> Allan class="ok"> Stam's class="ok"> credibility class="ok"> is class="ok"> based class="ok"> on class="ok"> two class="ok"> factors. class="ok"> First, class="ok"> that class="ok"> he class="ok"> is class="ok"> a class="ok"> ‘Rwanda class="ok"> scholar,’ class="ok"> though class="ok"> I class="ok"> believe class="ok"> not class="ok"> a class="ok"> single class="ok"> scholar class="ok"> listed class="ok"> above class="ok"> ever class="ok"> cites class="ok"> his class="ok"> work. class="ok"> Second, class="ok"> that class="ok"> he class="ok"> ‘once class="ok"> served class="ok"> with class="ok"> the class="ok"> US class="ok"> Army class="ok"> Special class="ok"> Forces’. class="ok"> Presumably class="ok"> this class="ok"> service class="ok"> gives class="ok"> him class="ok"> special class="ok"> insight class="ok"> into class="ok"> how class="ok"> the class="ok"> US class="ok"> army class="ok"> works. class="ok"> Yet class="ok"> he class="ok"> presents class="ok"> not class="ok"> a class="ok"> single class="ok"> specific class="ok"> detail class="ok"> about class="ok"> Kagame's class="ok"> few class="ok"> weeks class="ok"> at class="ok"> Fort class="ok"> Leavenworth class="ok"> that class="ok"> ties class="ok"> him class="ok"> to class="ok"> American class="ok"> interest class="ok"> in class="ok"> and class="ok"> plans class="ok"> for class="ok"> Rwanda, class="ok"> which class="ok"> no class="ok"> one class="ok"> has class="ok"> ever class="ok"> documented. class="ok"> And class="ok"> since class="ok"> thousands class="ok"> of class="ok"> officers class="ok"> from class="ok"> nations class="ok"> around class="ok"> the class="ok"> world class="ok"> have class="ok"> passed class="ok"> through class="ok"> Fort class="ok"> Leavenworth, class="ok"> you'd class="ok"> think class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> thousands class="ok"> of class="ok"> large-scale class="ok"> invasions class="ok"> they class="ok"> would class="ok"> return class="ok"> home class="ok"> and class="ok"> orchestrate class="ok"> would class="ok"> be class="ok"> better-known class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> world class="ok"> than class="ok"> they class="ok"> are. class="ok">
class="ok">
class="ok"> Stam's class="ok"> curious class="ok"> thought class="ok"> processes class="ok"> are class="ok"> on class="ok"> display class="ok"> again, class="ok"> thanks class="ok"> to class="ok"> another class="ok"> citation class="ok"> by class="ok"> Herman class="ok"> and class="ok"> Peterson. class="ok"> By class="ok"> 1994, class="ok"> Stam class="ok"> has class="ok"> written, class="ok"> Kagame's class="ok"> ‘sophisticated class="ok"> plan class="ok"> for class="ok"> seizing class="ok"> power class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda…looks class="ok"> staggeringly class="ok"> like class="ok"> the class="ok"> United class="ok"> States' class="ok"> invasion class="ok"> of class="ok"> Iraq class="ok"> in class="ok"> 1991.’ class="ok"> Perhaps class="ok"> it's class="ok"> my class="ok"> failing, class="ok"> but class="ok"> I class="ok"> have class="ok"> no class="ok"> idea class="ok"> what class="ok"> this class="ok"> means. class="ok">
class="ok">
class="ok">

The class="ok"> Hutu class="ok"> Genocidaires class="ok"> Become class="ok"> the class="ok"> Dead class="ok"> Hutu class="ok"> Victims


class="ok">
class="ok"> Herman class="ok"> and class="ok"> Peterson class="ok"> now class="ok"> take class="ok"> their class="ok"> argument class="ok"> further. class="ok"> They class="ok"> have class="ok"> concluded class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> all-important class="ok"> conventionally-accepted class="ok"> truth class="ok"> about class="ok"> the class="ok"> 100 class="ok"> days class="ok"> of class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> is class="ok"> all class="ok"> wrong. class="ok"> In class="ok"> fact class="ok"> this class="ok"> was class="ok"> no class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> at class="ok"> all class="ok"> against class="ok"> the class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> in class="ok"> which class="ok"> at class="ok"> a class="ok"> minimum class="ok"> 500,000/600,000 class="ok"> and class="ok"> perhaps class="ok"> as class="ok"> many class="ok"> as class="ok"> a class="ok"> million class="ok"> unarmed class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> were class="ok"> slaughtered, class="ok"> along class="ok"> with class="ok"> many class="ok"> Hutu class="ok"> who class="ok"> wouldn't class="ok"> cooperate class="ok"> with class="ok"> the class="ok"> extremists' class="ok"> genocidal class="ok"> conspiracy. class="ok"> On class="ok"> the class="ok"> contrary. class="ok"> They class="ok"> cite class="ok"> the class="ok"> sensational class="ok"> estimate class="ok"> by class="ok"> Christian class="ok"> Davenport class="ok"> and class="ok"> Allan class="ok"> Stam class="ok"> that class="ok"> one class="ok"> million class="ok"> deaths class="ok"> occurred class="ok"> from class="ok"> April class="ok"> to class="ok"> July class="ok"> 1994, class="ok"> and class="ok"> that class="ok"> ‘the class="ok"> majority class="ok"> of class="ok"> victims class="ok"> are class="ok"> likely class="ok"> Hutu class="ok"> and class="ok"> not class="ok"> Tutsi.’ class="ok"> That class="ok"> the class="ok"> methodology class="ok"> employed class="ok"> to class="ok"> arrive class="ok"> at class="ok"> such class="ok"> an class="ok"> Orwellian class="ok"> assertion class="ok"> has class="ok"> been class="ok"> totally class="ok"> discredited class="ok"> is class="ok"> of class="ok"> no class="ok"> interest class="ok"> to class="ok"> our class="ok"> authors class="ok"> and class="ok"> never class="ok"> mentioned. class="ok">
class="ok">
class="ok"> Indeed, class="ok"> even class="ok"> a class="ok"> million class="ok"> dead, class="ok"> mostly class="ok"> Hutu, class="ok"> isn't class="ok"> good class="ok"> enough class="ok"> for class="ok"> them. class="ok"> They class="ok"> refer class="ok"> to class="ok"> ‘a class="ok"> number class="ok"> of class="ok"> observers class="ok"> as class="ok"> well class="ok"> as class="ok"> participants class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> events class="ok"> of class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> [who] class="ok"> claim class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> great class="ok"> majority class="ok"> of class="ok"> deaths class="ok"> were class="ok"> Hutu, class="ok"> with class="ok"> some class="ok"> estimates class="ok"> as class="ok"> high class="ok"> as class="ok"> two class="ok"> million.’ class="ok"> With class="ok"> Herman class="ok"> and class="ok"> Peterson, class="ok"> you class="ok"> always class="ok"> have class="ok"> to class="ok"> watch class="ok"> your class="ok"> wallets. class="ok"> Checking class="ok"> the class="ok"> endnote class="ok"> for class="ok"> this class="ok"> rather class="ok"> extravagant class="ok"> statement, class="ok"> we class="ok"> find class="ok"> the class="ok"> figure class="ok"> comes class="ok"> from class="ok"> ‘a class="ok"> former class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> military class="ok"> officer class="ok"> Christophe class="ok"> Hakizimana’ class="ok"> in class="ok"> a class="ok"> letter class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> 1999 class="ok"> UN class="ok"> Commission class="ok"> of class="ok"> Inquiry class="ok"> into class="ok"> the class="ok"> genocide. class="ok"> But class="ok"> that class="ok"> Commission, class="ok"> chaired class="ok"> by class="ok"> former class="ok"> Swedish class="ok"> Prime class="ok"> Minister class="ok"> Ingvar class="ok"> Carlsson, class="ok"> hadn't class="ok"> the class="ok"> slightest class="ok"> doubt class="ok"> that class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> against class="ok"> the class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> had class="ok"> taken class="ok"> place class="ok"> and class="ok"> their class="ok"> report class="ok"> harshly class="ok"> criticised class="ok"> the class="ok"> US class="ok"> and class="ok"> its class="ok"> allies class="ok"> for class="ok"> refusing class="ok"> to class="ok"> intervene class="ok"> to class="ok"> stop class="ok"> it. class="ok"> So class="ok"> it's class="ok"> hardly class="ok"> surprising class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> Inquiry's class="ok"> report class="ok"> never class="ok"> mentions class="ok"> Hakizimana class="ok"> and class="ok"> his class="ok"> accusations. class="ok">
class="ok">
class="ok"> So class="ok"> how class="ok"> did class="ok"> our class="ok"> authors class="ok"> know class="ok"> about class="ok"> it? class="ok"> ‘We class="ok"> base class="ok"> this class="ok"> on class="ok"> personal class="ok"> communications class="ok"> with class="ok"> the class="ok"> international class="ok"> criminal class="ok"> lawyer class="ok"> Christopher class="ok"> Black class="ok"> of class="ok"> Toronto.’ class="ok"> It class="ok"> will class="ok"> by class="ok"> this class="ok"> time class="ok"> come class="ok"> as class="ok"> no class="ok"> surprise class="ok"> to class="ok"> readers class="ok"> to class="ok"> learn class="ok"> that class="ok"> Christopher class="ok"> Black class="ok"> is class="ok"> prominent class="ok"> among class="ok"> the class="ok"> small class="ok"> notorious class="ok"> band class="ok"> of class="ok"> deniers class="ok"> who class="ok"> cite class="ok"> each class="ok"> other class="ok"> so class="ok"> faithfully class="ok"> and class="ok"> who class="ok"> alone class="ok"> are class="ok"> the class="ok"> sources class="ok"> for class="ok"> Herman class="ok"> and class="ok"> Peterson's class="ok"> chapter class="ok"> 4. class="ok"> Even class="ok"> among class="ok"> the class="ok"> lunatic class="ok"> fringe class="ok"> of class="ok"> deniers, class="ok"> Black class="ok"> inhabits class="ok"> a class="ok"> universe class="ok"> of class="ok"> his class="ok"> own. class="ok"> Not class="ok"> only class="ok"> is class="ok"> the class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> a class="ok"> ‘myth’, class="ok"> not class="ok"> only class="ok"> did class="ok"> France class="ok"> have class="ok"> nothing class="ok"> to class="ok"> do class="ok"> with class="ok"> it, class="ok"> not class="ok"> only class="ok"> did class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> rampage class="ok"> ‘across class="ok"> the class="ok"> country class="ok"> massacring class="ok"> hundreds class="ok"> of class="ok"> thousands class="ok"> of class="ok"> Hutu class="ok"> and class="ok"> any class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> who class="ok"> were class="ok"> seen class="ok"> as class="ok"> non-reliable.’ class="ok"> As class="ok"> well, class="ok"> he class="ok"> asserts, class="ok"> before class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> there class="ok"> was class="ok"> no class="ok"> ethnic class="ok"> problem class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda, class="ok"> then class="ok"> 'a class="ok"> semi-socialist class="ok"> country class="ok"> considered class="ok"> a class="ok"> model class="ok"> for class="ok"> Africa’. class="ok"> For class="ok"> perspective, class="ok"> I class="ok"> note class="ok"> that class="ok"> this class="ok"> authority class="ok"> on class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> visited class="ok"> North class="ok"> Korea class="ok"> in class="ok"> 2003 class="ok"> and class="ok"> emerged class="ok"> to class="ok"> describe class="ok"> it class="ok"> as class="ok"> ‘a class="ok"> progressive, class="ok"> socialist class="ok"> country class="ok"> deserving class="ok"> the class="ok"> support class="ok"> of class="ok"> all class="ok"> progressive class="ok"> peoples class="ok"> around class="ok"> the class="ok"> world.’ class="ok"> Black class="ok"> also class="ok"> considered class="ok"> Slobodan class="ok"> Milosevic class="ok"> completely class="ok"> innocent class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> charges class="ok"> brought class="ok"> against class="ok"> him class="ok"> and class="ok"> believes class="ok"> Milosevic class="ok"> was class="ok"> consistently class="ok"> committed class="ok"> to class="ok"> a class="ok"> multi-ethnic class="ok"> Yugoslavia class="ok"> during class="ok"> his class="ok"> time class="ok"> in class="ok"> government.
class="ok">
class="ok"> Do class="ok"> I class="ok"> belabour class="ok"> the class="ok"> obvious class="ok"> by class="ok"> pointing class="ok"> out class="ok"> that class="ok"> not class="ok"> a class="ok"> single class="ok"> one class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> long class="ok"> list class="ok"> of class="ok"> authors class="ok"> cited class="ok"> above class="ok"> mention class="ok"> either class="ok"> Christophe class="ok"> Hakizimana class="ok"> or class="ok"> Christopher class="ok"> Black? class="ok"> Yet class="ok"> they class="ok"> are class="ok"> the class="ok"> two class="ok"> sources class="ok"> Herman class="ok"> and class="ok"> Peterson class="ok"> give class="ok"> for class="ok"> their class="ok"> stunning class="ok"> statement class="ok"> that class="ok"> ‘a class="ok"> number class="ok"> of class="ok"> observers class="ok"> as class="ok"> well class="ok"> as class="ok"> participants class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> events class="ok"> of class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> claim class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> great class="ok"> majority class="ok"> of class="ok"> deaths class="ok"> were class="ok"> Hutu, class="ok"> with class="ok"> some class="ok"> estimates class="ok"> as class="ok"> high class="ok"> as class="ok"> two class="ok"> million.’
class="ok">
class="ok"> The class="ok"> authors class="ok"> simply class="ok"> dismiss class="ok"> out class="ok"> of class="ok"> hand class="ok"> the class="ok"> widely-accepted class="ok"> facts class="ok"> about class="ok"> the class="ok"> genocide. class="ok"> ‘The class="ok"> established class="ok"> narrative's class="ok"> 800,000 class="ok"> or class="ok"> more class="ok"> largely class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> deaths class="ok"> resulting class="ok"> from class="ok"> a class="ok"> “preprogrammed class="ok"> genocide” class="ok"> committed class="ok"> by class="ok"> “Hutu class="ok"> Power” class="ok"> appears class="ok"> to class="ok"> have class="ok"> no class="ok"> basis class="ok"> in class="ok"> any class="ok"> facts class="ok"> beyond class="ok"> the class="ok"> early class="ok"> claims class="ok"> by class="ok"> Kagame's class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> and class="ok"> its class="ok"> politically class="ok"> motivated class="ok"> Western class="ok"> sponsors class="ok"> and class="ok"> propagandists.’ class="ok"> With class="ok"> this class="ok"> single class="ok"> sentence, class="ok"> and class="ok"> with class="ok"> no class="ok"> further class="ok"> amplification class="ok"> of class="ok"> any class="ok"> kind, class="ok"> the class="ok"> question class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> number class="ok"> of class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> murdered class="ok"> is class="ok"> closed.
class="ok">
class="ok"> But class="ok"> there's class="ok"> much class="ok"> more class="ok"> about class="ok"> murdered class="ok"> Hutu. class="ok"> It class="ok"> is class="ok"> no class="ok"> surprise class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> authors class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> RFP class="ok"> killed class="ok"> so class="ok"> many class="ok"> people. class="ok"> After class="ok"> all, class="ok"> ‘the class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> was class="ok"> the class="ok"> only class="ok"> well-organised class="ok"> killing class="ok"> force class="ok"> within class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> in class="ok"> 1994...Clearly class="ok"> the class="ok"> chief class="ok"> responsibility class="ok"> for class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> political class="ok"> violence class="ok"> belongs class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPF, class="ok"> and class="ok"> not class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> ousted class="ok"> coalition class="ok"> government, class="ok"> the class="ok"> FAR class="ok"> [Rwandan class="ok"> army], class="ok"> or class="ok"> any class="ok"> Hutu-related class="ok"> group.’ class="ok"> So class="ok"> much class="ok"> for class="ok"> the class="ok"> interahamwe, class="ok"> apparently class="ok"> figments class="ok"> of class="ok"> everyone's class="ok"> imagination. class="ok"> And class="ok"> for class="ok"> the class="ok"> Hutu class="ok"> Power class="ok"> and class="ok"> Zero class="ok"> Network class="ok"> hit class="ok"> lists, class="ok"> which class="ok"> many class="ok"> diplomats class="ok"> actually class="ok"> saw. class="ok"> And class="ok"> for class="ok"> the class="ok"> explicit class="ok"> public class="ok"> threats class="ok"> against class="ok"> the class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> from class="ok"> RTLM class="ok"> hate class="ok"> radio class="ok"> and class="ok"> Kangura class="ok"> magazine. class="ok"> In class="ok"> the class="ok"> report class="ok"> I class="ok"> wrote class="ok"> for class="ok"> the class="ok"> International class="ok"> Panel class="ok"> of class="ok"> Eminent class="ok"> Persons class="ok"> appointed class="ok"> by class="ok"> the class="ok"> Organization class="ok"> of class="ok"> African class="ok"> Unity class="ok"> to class="ok"> investigate class="ok"> the class="ok"> genocide, class="ok"> there class="ok"> is class="ok"> a class="ok"> chapter class="ok"> titled class="ok"> ‘The class="ok"> Eve class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Genocide: class="ok"> What class="ok"> the class="ok"> World class="ok"> Knew’. class="ok"> The class="ok"> report, class="ok"> published class="ok"> in class="ok"> 2000 class="ok"> and class="ok"> called class="ok"> ‘Rwanda: class="ok"> The class="ok"> Preventable class="ok"> Genocide’, class="ok"> is class="ok"> still class="ok"> available class="ok"> online, class="ok"> so class="ok"> readers class="ok"> can class="ok"> access class="ok"> it class="ok"> in class="ok"> full, class="ok"> as class="ok"> indeed class="ok"> could class="ok"> Herman class="ok"> and class="ok"> Peterson. class="ok">
class="ok">
class="ok"> Chapter class="ok"> 9 class="ok"> includes class="ok"> (among class="ok"> much class="ok"> else) class="ok"> the class="ok"> notorious class="ok"> 1990 class="ok"> racist class="ok"> document class="ok"> ‘Ten class="ok"> Commandments class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Hutu’; class="ok"> the class="ok"> dramatic class="ok"> increase class="ok"> in class="ok"> Habyarimana's class="ok"> military class="ok"> budget; class="ok"> the class="ok"> formation class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> extremist class="ok"> radical class="ok"> Hutu class="ok"> party class="ok"> CDR; class="ok"> the class="ok"> beginning class="ok"> of class="ok"> military class="ok"> training class="ok"> for class="ok"> the class="ok"> youth class="ok"> wings class="ok"> of class="ok"> both class="ok"> Habyarimana's class="ok"> party class="ok"> (the class="ok"> interahamwe) class="ok"> and class="ok"> the class="ok"> CDR; class="ok"> Leon class="ok"> Mugesera's class="ok"> speech class="ok"> inciting class="ok"> annihilation class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Tutsi; class="ok"> the class="ok"> repudiation class="ok"> by class="ok"> Habyarimana class="ok"> and class="ok"> many class="ok"> of class="ok"> his class="ok"> officials class="ok"> and class="ok"> officers class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Arusha class="ok"> peace class="ok"> agreement; class="ok"> the class="ok"> opening class="ok"> of class="ok"> RTLM class="ok"> hate class="ok"> radio class="ok"> in class="ok"> mid-1993, class="ok"> funded class="ok"> by class="ok"> Habyarimana's class="ok"> inner class="ok"> circle; class="ok"> the class="ok"> report class="ok"> by class="ok"> Belgian class="ok"> intelligence class="ok"> at class="ok"> the class="ok"> end class="ok"> of class="ok"> 1993 class="ok"> that class="ok"> ‘The class="ok"> interahamwe class="ok"> are class="ok"> armed class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> teeth class="ok"> and class="ok"> on class="ok"> alert...each class="ok"> of class="ok"> them class="ok"> has class="ok"> ammunition, class="ok"> grenades, class="ok"> mines class="ok"> and class="ok"> knives. class="ok"> They class="ok"> are class="ok"> all class="ok"> waiting class="ok"> for class="ok"> the class="ok"> right class="ok"> moment class="ok"> to class="ok"> act’; class="ok"> the class="ok"> Dallaire class="ok"> ‘genocide class="ok"> fax’ class="ok"> of class="ok"> 11 class="ok"> January class="ok"> 1994; class="ok"> the class="ok"> constant class="ok"> flow class="ok"> of class="ok"> new class="ok"> arms class="ok"> to class="ok"> Habyarimana's class="ok"> forces class="ok"> from class="ok"> France class="ok"> or class="ok"> from class="ok"> South class="ok"> Africa class="ok"> and class="ok"> Egypt class="ok"> paid class="ok"> by class="ok"> France; class="ok"> RTLM's class="ok"> broadcast class="ok"> on class="ok"> Match class="ok"> 1, class="ok"> as class="ok"> reported class="ok"> by class="ok"> the class="ok"> Belgian class="ok"> ambassador class="ok"> in class="ok"> Kigali, class="ok"> of class="ok"> ‘inflammatory class="ok"> statements class="ok"> calling class="ok"> for class="ok"> the class="ok"> hatred—indeed class="ok"> for class="ok"> the class="ok"> extermination class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Tutsi’; class="ok"> the class="ok"> late class="ok"> March class="ok"> statement class="ok"> by class="ok"> the class="ok"> officer class="ok"> in class="ok"> charge class="ok"> of class="ok"> intelligence class="ok"> for class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> army class="ok"> that class="ok"> ‘if class="ok"> Arusha class="ok"> were class="ok"> implemented, class="ok"> they class="ok"> [the class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> army] class="ok"> were class="ok"> ready class="ok"> to class="ok"> liquidate class="ok"> the class="ok"> Tutsi’; class="ok"> the class="ok"> several class="ok"> RTLM class="ok"> and class="ok"> Kangura class="ok"> statements class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> last class="ok"> days class="ok"> of class="ok"> March class="ok"> and class="ok"> early class="ok"> April class="ok"> that class="ok"> something class="ok"> major class="ok"> and class="ok"> dramatic class="ok"> was class="ok"> going class="ok"> to class="ok"> happen class="ok"> within class="ok"> the class="ok"> next class="ok"> few class="ok"> days; class="ok"> the class="ok"> public class="ok"> threat class="ok"> uttered class="ok"> on class="ok"> 4 class="ok"> April, class="ok"> two class="ok"> days class="ok"> before class="ok"> the class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> began, class="ok"> by class="ok"> Colonel class="ok"> Theoneste class="ok"> Bagosora, class="ok"> widely class="ok"> considered class="ok"> the class="ok"> ringleader class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Hutu class="ok"> extremist class="ok"> conspirators, class="ok"> that class="ok"> ‘The class="ok"> only class="ok"> plausible class="ok"> solution class="ok"> for class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> appears class="ok"> to class="ok"> be class="ok"> the class="ok"> extermination class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Tutsi.’
class="ok">
class="ok"> Can class="ok"> every class="ok"> one class="ok"> of class="ok"> these class="ok"> well-documented class="ok"> points class="ok"> actually class="ok"> be class="ok"> some class="ok"> fantastically class="ok"> clever class="ok"> component class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> American class="ok"> conspiracy class="ok"> behind class="ok"> Kagame's class="ok"> RPF? class="ok"> Don't class="ok"> bother class="ok"> asking class="ok"> Herman class="ok"> and class="ok"> Peterson; class="ok"> they class="ok"> don't class="ok"> even class="ok"> try class="ok"> to class="ok"> explain class="ok"> them class="ok"> all class="ok"> away. class="ok"> They class="ok"> simply class="ok"> ignore class="ok"> hundreds class="ok"> of class="ok"> different class="ok"> pieces class="ok"> of class="ok"> evidence class="ok"> pointing class="ok"> to class="ok"> a class="ok"> developing class="ok"> Hutu class="ok"> extremist class="ok"> plot class="ok"> to class="ok"> annihilate class="ok"> the class="ok"> country's class="ok"> Tutsi.
class="ok">
class="ok"> Instead, class="ok"> they class="ok"> focus class="ok"> on class="ok"> the class="ok"> crimes class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPF. class="ok"> Despite class="ok"> recklessly class="ok"> throwing class="ok"> around class="ok"> figures class="ok"> such class="ok"> as class="ok"> a class="ok"> million class="ok"> or class="ok"> even class="ok"> two class="ok"> million class="ok"> Hutu class="ok"> killed, class="ok"> the class="ok"> numbers class="ok"> they class="ok"> seem class="ok"> to class="ok"> take class="ok"> more class="ok"> seriously class="ok"> total class="ok"> some class="ok"> 25,000 class="ok"> to class="ok"> 45,000 class="ok"> Hutu class="ok"> massacred class="ok"> from class="ok"> April class="ok"> to class="ok"> July class="ok"> 1994. class="ok"> As class="ok"> evidence class="ok"> they class="ok"> cite class="ok"> the class="ok"> investigation class="ok"> led class="ok"> by class="ok"> Robert class="ok"> Gersony class="ok"> for class="ok"> the class="ok"> UN class="ok"> High class="ok"> Commissioner class="ok"> for class="ok"> Refugees, class="ok"> and class="ok"> even class="ok"> though class="ok"> Gersony's class="ok"> report class="ok"> mysteriously class="ok"> vanished, class="ok"> both class="ok"> UNHCR class="ok"> and class="ok"> the class="ok"> US class="ok"> State class="ok"> Department class="ok"> seem class="ok"> to class="ok"> have class="ok"> found class="ok"> these class="ok"> figures class="ok"> credible.
class="ok">
class="ok"> Typically, class="ok"> Herman class="ok"> and class="ok"> Peterson class="ok"> refer class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> Gersony class="ok"> Report class="ok"> as class="ok"> ‘a class="ok"> whole class="ok"> body class="ok"> of class="ok"> important class="ok"> but class="ok"> suppressed class="ok"> research’. class="ok"> Maybe class="ok"> this class="ok"> reflects class="ok"> the class="ok"> problem class="ok"> of class="ok"> only class="ok"> reading class="ok"> other class="ok"> deniers. class="ok"> Yet class="ok"> look class="ok"> at class="ok"> chapter class="ok"> 22 class="ok"> of class="ok"> ‘Rwanda: class="ok"> The class="ok"> Preventable class="ok"> Genocide’, class="ok"> the class="ok"> report class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> OAU-appointed class="ok"> panel, class="ok"> titled class="ok"> ‘The class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> and class="ok"> Human class="ok"> Rights’. class="ok"> It class="ok"> points class="ok"> out class="ok"> that class="ok"> while class="ok"> the class="ok"> actual class="ok"> Gersony class="ok"> report class="ok"> seemed class="ok"> to class="ok"> be class="ok"> missing, class="ok"> Alison class="ok"> Des class="ok"> Forges class="ok"> of class="ok"> Human class="ok"> Rights class="ok"> Watch class="ok"> had class="ok"> uncovered class="ok"> confidential class="ok"> notes class="ok"> based class="ok"> on class="ok"> briefings class="ok"> by class="ok"> Gersony class="ok"> and class="ok"> his class="ok"> colleagues. class="ok"> On class="ok"> p.253, class="ok"> the class="ok"> panel class="ok"> describes class="ok"> the class="ok"> supposedly class="ok"> ‘suppressed class="ok"> research’: class="ok"> ‘Gersony class="ok"> reportedly class="ok"> estimated class="ok"> that class="ok"> during class="ok"> the class="ok"> months class="ok"> from class="ok"> April class="ok"> to class="ok"> August, class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> killed class="ok"> between class="ok"> 25,000 class="ok"> and class="ok"> 45,000 class="ok"> persons.’
class="ok">
class="ok"> After class="ok"> reviewing class="ok"> all class="ok"> the class="ok"> other class="ok"> evidence class="ok"> we class="ok"> could, class="ok"> the class="ok"> panel class="ok"> approved class="ok"> the class="ok"> following class="ok"> paragraph: class="ok"> ‘Our class="ok"> own class="ok"> conclusion, class="ok"> based class="ok"> on class="ok"> the class="ok"> available class="ok"> evidence, class="ok"> is class="ok"> that class="ok"> it class="ok"> is class="ok"> quite class="ok"> unrealistic class="ok"> to class="ok"> deny class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> responsibility class="ok"> for class="ok"> serious class="ok"> human class="ok"> rights class="ok"> abuses class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> months class="ok"> during class="ok"> and class="ok"> after class="ok"> the class="ok"> genocide. class="ok"> They class="ok"> were class="ok"> tough class="ok"> soldiers class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> middle class="ok"> of class="ok"> a class="ok"> murderous class="ok"> civil class="ok"> war class="ok"> made class="ok"> infinitely class="ok"> more class="ok"> vicious class="ok"> by class="ok"> the class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> directed class="ok"> by class="ok"> their class="ok"> enemies class="ok"> against class="ok"> their class="ok"> ethnic class="ok"> kin…Some class="ok"> had class="ok"> lost class="ok"> family class="ok"> and class="ok"> were class="ok"> aggressively class="ok"> looking class="ok"> for class="ok"> revenge. class="ok"> But class="ok"> none class="ok"> of class="ok"> these class="ok"> factors class="ok"> excuse class="ok"> the class="ok"> excesses class="ok"> of class="ok"> which class="ok"> they class="ok"> [the class="ok"> RPF] class="ok"> were class="ok"> guilty.’
class="ok">
class="ok"> So class="ok"> in class="ok"> fact class="ok"> the class="ok"> so-called class="ok"> suppressed class="ok"> research class="ok"> by class="ok"> Gersony class="ok"> has class="ok"> been class="ok"> well-known class="ok"> for class="ok"> years. class="ok"> But class="ok"> the class="ok"> panel class="ok"> also class="ok"> knew class="ok"> this: class="ok"> The class="ok"> fact class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> against class="ok"> the class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> was class="ok"> proved class="ok"> beyond class="ok"> any class="ok"> question, class="ok"> and class="ok"> while class="ok"> 25-45,000 class="ok"> deaths class="ok"> is class="ok"> a class="ok"> huge class="ok"> and class="ok"> gruesome class="ok"> number, class="ok"> it class="ok"> pales class="ok"> beside class="ok"> the class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> being class="ok"> executed class="ok"> at class="ok"> the class="ok"> same class="ok"> time. class="ok"> As class="ok"> noted class="ok"> earlier, class="ok"> the class="ok"> lowest class="ok"> estimate class="ok"> by class="ok"> serious class="ok"> scholars class="ok"> of class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> killed class="ok"> during class="ok"> the class="ok"> 100 class="ok"> days class="ok"> is class="ok"> 500,000–600,000; class="ok"> some class="ok"> believe class="ok"> it class="ok"> could class="ok"> be class="ok"> closer class="ok"> to class="ok"> a class="ok"> million. class="ok">
class="ok">
class="ok"> Beyond class="ok"> that, class="ok"> the class="ok"> reason class="ok"> the class="ok"> catastrophe class="ok"> is class="ok"> called class="ok"> a class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> is class="ok"> precisely class="ok"> because class="ok"> it class="ok"> meets class="ok"> the class="ok"> definition class="ok"> laid class="ok"> down class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> 1948 class="ok"> UN class="ok"> Convention class="ok"> on class="ok"> the class="ok"> Prevention class="ok"> and class="ok"> Punishment class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Crime class="ok"> of class="ok"> Genocide: class="ok"> ‘acts class="ok"> committed class="ok"> with class="ok"> intent class="ok"> to class="ok"> destroy, class="ok"> in class="ok"> whole class="ok"> or class="ok"> in class="ok"> part, class="ok"> a class="ok"> national, class="ok"> ethnical, class="ok"> racial class="ok"> or class="ok"> religious class="ok"> group’. class="ok"> That's class="ok"> what class="ok"> qualitatively class="ok"> distinguishes class="ok"> the class="ok"> organised class="ok"> and class="ok"> systematic class="ok"> campaign class="ok"> led class="ok"> by class="ok"> a class="ok"> cabal class="ok"> of class="ok"> well-placed class="ok"> Hutu class="ok"> extremists class="ok"> in class="ok"> government class="ok"> and class="ok"> the class="ok"> military class="ok"> from class="ok"> the class="ok"> terrible class="ok"> killings class="ok"> by class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPF. class="ok"> That's class="ok"> why class="ok"> the class="ok"> ICTR class="ok"> has class="ok"> deemed class="ok"> its class="ok"> priority class="ok"> to class="ok"> be class="ok"> the class="ok"> trial class="ok"> of class="ok"> accused class="ok"> genocidaire class="ok"> rather class="ok"> than class="ok"> of class="ok"> accused class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> soldiers. class="ok"> It's class="ok"> the class="ok"> well-understood class="ok"> distinction class="ok"> between class="ok"> the class="ok"> Nazis class="ok"> and class="ok"> the class="ok"> fire-bombers class="ok"> of class="ok"> Dresden class="ok"> and class="ok"> Hamburg. class="ok"> All class="ok"> are class="ok"> horrific class="ok"> crimes. class="ok"> But class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> is, class="ok"> in class="ok"> our class="ok"> world, class="ok"> the class="ok"> crime class="ok"> of class="ok"> crimes, class="ok"> and class="ok"> it class="ok"> comes class="ok"> first.
class="ok">
class="ok">

Final class="ok"> Aspects class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Great class="ok"> American class="ok"> Conspiracy class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda


class="ok">
class="ok"> Let class="ok"> me class="ok"> address class="ok"> only class="ok"> two class="ok"> remaining class="ok"> points class="ok"> that class="ok"> are class="ok"> integral class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> authors' class="ok"> case. class="ok">
class="ok">
class="ok"> Almost class="ok"> every class="ok"> well-known class="ok"> writer class="ok"> on class="ok"> the class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> condemns class="ok"> the class="ok"> international class="ok"> community, class="ok"> led class="ok"> by class="ok"> the class="ok"> US, class="ok"> for class="ok"> refusing class="ok"> to class="ok"> intervene class="ok"> to class="ok"> stop class="ok"> the class="ok"> massacres class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Tutsi. class="ok"> Richard class="ok"> Barnett's class="ok"> book class="ok"> ‘Eyewitness class="ok"> to class="ok"> a class="ok"> Genocide’, class="ok"> for class="ok"> example, class="ok"> describes class="ok"> his class="ok"> year class="ok"> as class="ok"> a class="ok"> staffer class="ok"> at class="ok"> the class="ok"> US class="ok"> Mission class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> UN class="ok"> – class="ok"> it class="ok"> happened class="ok"> to class="ok"> be class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> – class="ok"> watching class="ok"> as class="ok"> the class="ok"> US class="ok"> and class="ok"> the class="ok"> entire class="ok"> UN class="ok"> chose class="ok"> to class="ok"> abandon class="ok"> Rwanda's class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> to class="ok"> its class="ok"> inexorable class="ok"> fate. class="ok"> Samantha class="ok"> Power class="ok"> found class="ok"> a class="ok"> large class="ok"> number class="ok"> of class="ok"> President class="ok"> Clinton's class="ok"> senior class="ok"> advisers class="ok"> who class="ok"> contritely class="ok"> explained class="ok"> to class="ok"> her class="ok"> why class="ok"> they class="ok"> failed class="ok"> to class="ok"> support class="ok"> General class="ok"> Dallaire's class="ok"> urgent class="ok"> cries class="ok"> for class="ok"> reinforcements. class="ok"> Madeleine class="ok"> Albright, class="ok"> Clinton's class="ok"> ambassador class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> UN, class="ok"> has class="ok"> abjectly class="ok"> apologised class="ok"> for class="ok"> her class="ok"> role class="ok"> in class="ok"> leading class="ok"> the class="ok"> Security class="ok"> Council class="ok"> to class="ok"> decimate class="ok"> Dallaire's class="ok"> puny class="ok"> military class="ok"> mission, class="ok"> and class="ok"> has class="ok"> righteously class="ok"> claimed class="ok"> that class="ok"> behind class="ok"> the class="ok"> scenes class="ok"> she class="ok"> attempted class="ok"> to class="ok"> get class="ok"> the class="ok"> White class="ok"> House class="ok"> to class="ok"> change class="ok"> its class="ok"> position. class="ok"> Non-permanent class="ok"> members class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Security class="ok"> Council class="ok"> later class="ok"> complained class="ok"> they class="ok"> were class="ok"> kept class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> dark class="ok"> about class="ok"> the class="ok"> real class="ok"> situation class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> by class="ok"> those class="ok"> who class="ok"> resisted class="ok"> intervention, class="ok"> including class="ok"> UN class="ok"> Secretary-General class="ok"> Boutros class="ok"> Boutros class="ok"> Ghali. class="ok"> All class="ok"> of class="ok"> this class="ok"> is class="ok"> now class="ok"> well class="ok"> known.
class="ok">
class="ok"> Here's class="ok"> what class="ok"> Herman class="ok"> and class="ok"> Peterson class="ok"> have class="ok"> to class="ok"> say: class="ok"> ‘What class="ok"> the class="ok"> United class="ok"> States class="ok"> and class="ok"> its class="ok"> Western class="ok"> allies class="ok"> (Britain, class="ok"> Canada class="ok"> and class="ok"> Belgium) class="ok"> really class="ok"> did class="ok"> was class="ok"> sponsor class="ok"> the class="ok"> US-trained class="ok"> Kagame, class="ok"> support class="ok"> his class="ok"> invasion class="ok"> from class="ok"> Uganda class="ok"> and class="ok"> the class="ok"> massive class="ok"> ethnic class="ok"> cleansing class="ok"> prior class="ok"> to class="ok"> April class="ok"> 1994, class="ok"> weaken class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> state class="ok"> by class="ok"> forcing class="ok"> an class="ok"> economic class="ok"> recession class="ok"> and class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPF's class="ok"> penetration class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> government class="ok"> and class="ok"> throughout class="ok"> the class="ok"> country, class="ok"> and class="ok"> then class="ok"> press class="ok"> for class="ok"> the class="ok"> complete class="ok"> removal class="ok"> of class="ok"> UN class="ok"> troops class="ok"> because class="ok"> they class="ok"> didn't class="ok"> want class="ok"> UN class="ok"> troops class="ok"> to class="ok"> stand class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> way class="ok"> of class="ok"> Kagame's class="ok"> conquest class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> country, class="ok"> even class="ok"> though class="ok"> Rwanda's class="ok"> Hutu class="ok"> authorities class="ok"> were class="ok"> urging class="ok"> the class="ok"> dispatch class="ok"> of class="ok"> more class="ok"> [sic] class="ok"> UN class="ok"> troops.’
class="ok">
class="ok"> The class="ok"> endnote class="ok"> for class="ok"> this class="ok"> dramatic class="ok"> paragraph class="ok"> gives class="ok"> as class="ok"> the class="ok"> source class="ok"> ‘the class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> UN class="ok"> ambassador class="ok"> Jean-Damascene class="ok"> Bizimana’. class="ok"> Presumably, class="ok"> though, class="ok"> it's class="ok"> only class="ok"> the class="ok"> last class="ok"> part class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> sentence class="ok"> that class="ok"> comes class="ok"> from class="ok"> Bizimana. class="ok"> Bizimana class="ok"> had class="ok"> been class="ok"> appointed class="ok"> by class="ok"> President class="ok"> Habyarimana. class="ok"> When class="ok"> the class="ok"> President's class="ok"> plane class="ok"> was class="ok"> shot class="ok"> down class="ok"> on class="ok"> 6 class="ok"> April, class="ok"> an class="ok"> interim class="ok"> government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Hutu class="ok"> extremists class="ok"> was class="ok"> formed class="ok"> under class="ok"> Theoneste class="ok"> Bagosora. class="ok"> Bizimana class="ok"> remained class="ok"> in class="ok"> his class="ok"> post. class="ok"> In class="ok"> one class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> many class="ok"> mind-boggling class="ok"> sidebars class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> story, class="ok"> 1994 class="ok"> happened class="ok"> to class="ok"> be class="ok"> Rwanda's class="ok"> turn class="ok"> to class="ok"> fill class="ok"> a class="ok"> rotating class="ok"> Security class="ok"> Council class="ok"> seat. class="ok"> So class="ok"> Bizimana class="ok"> ended class="ok"> up class="ok"> representing class="ok"> a class="ok"> genocidaire class="ok"> government class="ok"> on class="ok"> the class="ok"> Council class="ok"> throughout class="ok"> the class="ok"> entire class="ok"> genocide. class="ok"> Soon class="ok"> after class="ok"> the class="ok"> plane class="ok"> crash class="ok"> and class="ok"> the class="ok"> start class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> genocide, class="ok"> Bizimana class="ok"> reported class="ok"> to class="ok"> his class="ok"> Security class="ok"> Council class="ok"> peers class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> military class="ok"> and class="ok"> its class="ok"> people class="ok"> had class="ok"> ‘reacted class="ok"> spontaneously’ class="ok"> and class="ok"> were class="ok"> attacking class="ok"> those class="ok"> suspected class="ok"> of class="ok"> being class="ok"> responsible class="ok"> for class="ok"> killing class="ok"> their class="ok"> president. class="ok"> Bizimana's class="ok"> peers class="ok"> eventually class="ok"> understood class="ok"> the class="ok"> obscenity class="ok"> of class="ok"> having class="ok"> a class="ok"> spokesperson class="ok"> for class="ok"> the class="ok"> genocidal class="ok"> regime class="ok"> sitting class="ok"> among class="ok"> them, class="ok"> but class="ok"> as class="ok"> the class="ok"> British class="ok"> ambassador class="ok"> told class="ok"> Linda class="ok"> Melvern, class="ok"> there class="ok"> was class="ok"> no class="ok"> procedure class="ok"> for class="ok"> getting class="ok"> rid class="ok"> of class="ok"> him. class="ok">
class="ok">
class="ok"> The class="ok"> 6 class="ok"> April class="ok"> plane class="ok"> crash, class="ok"> as class="ok"> is class="ok"> entirely class="ok"> predictable, class="ok"> features class="ok"> prominently class="ok"> in class="ok"> Herman class="ok"> and class="ok"> Peterson's class="ok"> Orwellian class="ok"> version class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda. class="ok"> The class="ok"> plane, class="ok"> a class="ok"> gift class="ok"> from class="ok"> French class="ok"> President class="ok"> Mitterrand class="ok"> to class="ok"> Habyarimana, class="ok"> was class="ok"> bringing class="ok"> from class="ok"> Dar class="ok"> es class="ok"> Salaam class="ok"> to class="ok"> Kigali class="ok"> not class="ok"> only class="ok"> Habyarimana class="ok"> but class="ok"> the class="ok"> President class="ok"> of class="ok"> Burundi class="ok"> as class="ok"> well. class="ok"> Both class="ok"> were class="ok"> killed, class="ok"> along class="ok"> with class="ok"> everyone class="ok"> else class="ok"> on class="ok"> board. class="ok"> In class="ok"> what class="ok"> we class="ok"> have class="ok"> seen class="ok"> is class="ok"> a class="ok"> typical class="ok"> trick class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> authors, class="ok"> they class="ok"> state class="ok"> that class="ok"> ‘It class="ok"> has class="ok"> also class="ok"> been class="ok"> important class="ok"> to class="ok"> suppress class="ok"> the class="ok"> fact class="ok"> that class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> first class="ok"> Hutu class="ok"> president class="ok"> of class="ok"> Burundi, class="ok"> Melchior class="ok"> Ndadaye, class="ok"> had class="ok"> been class="ok"> assassinated class="ok"> by class="ok"> Tutsi class="ok"> officers class="ok"> of class="ok"> his class="ok"> army class="ok"> in class="ok"> October class="ok"> 1993.’ class="ok"> That class="ok"> this class="ok"> assassination class="ok"> happened class="ok"> is class="ok"> true; class="ok"> that class="ok"> anyone class="ok"> has class="ok"> ever class="ok"> tried class="ok"> to class="ok"> suppress class="ok"> it class="ok"> is class="ok"> ludicrous. class="ok"> Why class="ok"> Herman class="ok"> and class="ok"> Peterson class="ok"> insist class="ok"> on class="ok"> it class="ok"> is class="ok"> incomprehensible. class="ok"> For class="ok"> the class="ok"> record, class="ok"> this class="ok"> incident class="ok"> is class="ok"> included class="ok"> in class="ok"> my class="ok"> own class="ok"> report, class="ok"> ‘Rwanda: class="ok"> The class="ok"> Preventable class="ok"> Genocide’, class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rene class="ok"> Lemarchand's class="ok"> chapter class="ok"> on class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> in class="ok"> ‘Century class="ok"> of class="ok"> Genocide’, class="ok"> in class="ok"> Gerard class="ok"> Prunier's class="ok"> ‘The class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> Crisis: class="ok"> History class="ok"> of class="ok"> a class="ok"> Genocide’, class="ok"> in class="ok"> Stephen class="ok"> Kinzer's class="ok"> ‘A class="ok"> Thousand class="ok"> Hills’, class="ok"> and class="ok"> in class="ok"> Linda class="ok"> Melvern's class="ok"> ‘A class="ok"> People class="ok"> Betrayed’, class="ok"> just class="ok"> to class="ok"> mention class="ok"> the class="ok"> few class="ok"> volumes class="ok"> that class="ok"> I class="ok"> took class="ok"> down class="ok"> at class="ok"> random. class="ok"> Far class="ok"> from class="ok"> being class="ok"> suppressed, class="ok"> virtually class="ok"> everyone class="ok"> who class="ok"> writes class="ok"> about class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> recognises class="ok"> the class="ok"> great class="ok"> impetus class="ok"> given class="ok"> to class="ok"> Hutu class="ok"> Power class="ok"> advocates class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> by class="ok"> Ndadaye's class="ok"> untimely class="ok"> murder. class="ok">
class="ok">
class="ok"> Herman class="ok"> and class="ok"> Peterson class="ok"> have class="ok"> no class="ok"> doubt class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> shot class="ok"> down class="ok"> Habyarimana's class="ok"> plane. class="ok"> In class="ok"> fact class="ok"> they class="ok"> go class="ok"> that class="ok"> extra class="ok"> mile class="ok"> and class="ok"> add class="ok"> that class="ok"> ‘the class="ok"> United class="ok"> States class="ok"> and class="ok"> its class="ok"> close class="ok"> allies…very class="ok"> possibly class="ok"> aided class="ok"> the class="ok"> assassins class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> shoot-down.’ class="ok"> The class="ok"> sole class="ok"> source class="ok"> for class="ok"> this class="ok"> ‘very class="ok"> possible’ class="ok"> charge class="ok"> is class="ok"> Robin class="ok"> Philpot. class="ok"> As class="ok"> for class="ok"> the class="ok"> crash class="ok"> itself, class="ok"> the class="ok"> authors class="ok"> invoke class="ok"> the class="ok"> familiar class="ok"> figures class="ok"> of class="ok"> Michael class="ok"> Hourigan class="ok"> and class="ok"> Jean-Louis class="ok"> Bruguiere. class="ok"> Hourigan class="ok"> is class="ok"> a class="ok"> one-time class="ok"> ICTR class="ok"> investigator class="ok"> who class="ok"> found class="ok"> a class="ok"> few class="ok"> disaffected class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> soldiers class="ok"> who class="ok"> accused class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> and class="ok"> Kagame class="ok"> personally class="ok"> of class="ok"> responsibility class="ok"> for class="ok"> the class="ok"> crash. class="ok"> Bruguiere class="ok"> is class="ok"> a class="ok"> French class="ok"> magistrate class="ok"> who class="ok"> used class="ok"> some class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> same class="ok"> informants class="ok"> as class="ok"> Hourigan, class="ok"> as class="ok"> well class="ok"> as class="ok"> the class="ok"> testimonies class="ok"> of class="ok"> accused class="ok"> genocidaires class="ok"> being class="ok"> held class="ok"> in class="ok"> Arusha, class="ok"> Tanzania, class="ok"> whom class="ok"> he class="ok"> took class="ok"> the class="ok"> trouble class="ok"> to class="ok"> visit class="ok"> (though class="ok"> he class="ok"> never class="ok"> went class="ok"> to class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> or class="ok"> spoke class="ok"> to class="ok"> a class="ok"> single class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> official). class="ok"> He class="ok"> too class="ok"> concluded class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> and class="ok"> Kagame class="ok"> were class="ok"> guilty. class="ok"> Alas class="ok"> for class="ok"> both class="ok"> of class="ok"> them, class="ok"> their class="ok"> case class="ok"> fell class="ok"> apart class="ok"> when class="ok"> several class="ok"> key class="ok"> informants class="ok"> retracted class="ok"> their class="ok"> entire class="ok"> testimonies, class="ok"> some class="ok"> declaring class="ok"> they class="ok"> had class="ok"> never class="ok"> said class="ok"> anything class="ok"> like class="ok"> what class="ok"> they class="ok"> were class="ok"> quoted class="ok"> as class="ok"> saying. class="ok"> This class="ok"> is class="ok"> all class="ok"> public class="ok"> knowledge, class="ok"> yet class="ok"> the class="ok"> authors class="ok"> never class="ok"> even class="ok"> hint class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> basis class="ok"> of class="ok"> Bruguiere's class="ok"> conclusions class="ok"> had class="ok"> been class="ok"> substantially class="ok"> undermined. class="ok">
class="ok">
class="ok"> It class="ok"> has class="ok"> always class="ok"> seemed class="ok"> most class="ok"> plausible class="ok"> to class="ok"> a class="ok"> majority class="ok"> of class="ok"> those class="ok"> studying class="ok"> the class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> that class="ok"> Hutu class="ok"> extremists class="ok"> and class="ok"> not class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> shot class="ok"> down class="ok"> the class="ok"> President's class="ok"> plane. class="ok"> But class="ok"> proof class="ok"> was class="ok"> never class="ok"> available class="ok"> and class="ok"> the class="ok"> issue class="ok"> remained class="ok"> moot. class="ok"> It's class="ok"> been class="ok"> one class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> great class="ok"> unsolved class="ok"> mysteries class="ok"> of class="ok"> our class="ok"> time. class="ok"> At class="ok"> the class="ok"> beginning class="ok"> of class="ok"> this class="ok"> year, class="ok"> however, class="ok"> a class="ok"> new class="ok"> report class="ok"> appeared class="ok"> by class="ok"> an class="ok"> Independent class="ok"> Committee class="ok"> of class="ok"> Experts class="ok"> appointed class="ok"> by class="ok"> the class="ok"> government class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda, class="ok"> with class="ok"> the class="ok"> explicit class="ok"> title class="ok"> Report class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Investigation class="ok"> into class="ok"> the class="ok"> Causes class="ok"> and class="ok"> Circumstances class="ok"> of class="ok"> and class="ok"> Responsibility class="ok"> for class="ok"> the class="ok"> Attack class="ok"> of class="ok"> 06/04/1994 class="ok"> against class="ok"> the class="ok"> Falcon class="ok"> 50 class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> Presidential class="ok"> Aeroplane class="ok"> [sic], class="ok"> Registration class="ok"> Number class="ok"> 9xR-NN. class="ok"> The class="ok"> head class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> 7-person class="ok"> committee class="ok"> was class="ok"> Dr class="ok"> Jean class="ok"> Mutsinzi, class="ok"> former class="ok"> Justice class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Supreme class="ok"> Court class="ok"> of class="ok"> Rwanda, class="ok"> now class="ok"> a class="ok"> judge class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> African class="ok"> Court class="ok"> on class="ok"> Human class="ok"> and class="ok"> Peoples' class="ok"> Rights. class="ok"> The class="ok"> Mutsinzi class="ok"> Report class="ok"> is class="ok"> available class="ok"> at class="ok"> mutsinzireport.com, class="ok"> and class="ok"> my class="ok"> review class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> report class="ok"> can class="ok"> be class="ok"> found class="ok"> at class="ok"> Pambazuka class="ok"> News class="ok"> 466, class="ok"> January class="ok"> 21, class="ok"> 2010.
class="ok">
class="ok"> While class="ok"> my class="ok"> review class="ok"> regretted class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> government class="ok"> hadn't class="ok"> sought class="ok"> an class="ok"> independent class="ok"> investigation class="ok"> to class="ok"> take class="ok"> place, class="ok"> and class="ok"> while class="ok"> the class="ok"> Committee class="ok"> had class="ok"> obvious class="ok"> pro-RPF class="ok"> biases, class="ok"> I class="ok"> nevertheless class="ok"> found class="ok"> their class="ok"> comprehensive class="ok"> report class="ok"> highly class="ok"> persuasive. class="ok"> They class="ok"> also class="ok"> smartly class="ok"> included class="ok"> a class="ok"> ballistics class="ok"> report class="ok"> from class="ok"> staff class="ok"> at class="ok"> the class="ok"> Defence class="ok"> Academy class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> United class="ok"> Kingdom class="ok"> based class="ok"> at class="ok"> Cranfield class="ok"> University class="ok"> that class="ok"> supported class="ok"> their class="ok"> conclusions. class="ok"> The class="ok"> report class="ok"> demonstrates class="ok"> why class="ok"> the class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> could class="ok"> not class="ok"> have class="ok"> been class="ok"> in class="ok"> a class="ok"> position class="ok"> to class="ok"> launch class="ok"> the class="ok"> fatal class="ok"> missiles class="ok"> while class="ok"> elements class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> army class="ok"> and class="ok"> Presidential class="ok"> Guard class="ok"> had class="ok"> the class="ok"> capacity, class="ok"> the class="ok"> means class="ok"> and class="ok"> the class="ok"> will class="ok"> to class="ok"> do class="ok"> so.
class="ok">
class="ok"> The class="ok"> report class="ok"> also class="ok"> documents class="ok"> the class="ok"> only class="ok"> logical class="ok"> motive class="ok"> for class="ok"> the class="ok"> attack, class="ok"> one class="ok"> that class="ok"> many class="ok"> other class="ok"> scholars class="ok"> had class="ok"> already class="ok"> anticipated. class="ok"> In class="ok"> the class="ok"> Dar class="ok"> es class="ok"> Salaam class="ok"> meeting class="ok"> of class="ok"> regional class="ok"> presidents class="ok"> that class="ok"> he class="ok"> attended class="ok"> on class="ok"> his class="ok"> final class="ok"> day, class="ok"> 6 class="ok"> April, class="ok"> Habyarimana class="ok"> announced class="ok"> what class="ok"> he class="ok"> had class="ok"> just class="ok"> told class="ok"> his class="ok"> own class="ok"> senior class="ok"> advisors. class="ok"> After class="ok"> stalling class="ok"> for class="ok"> months class="ok"> (a class="ok"> fact class="ok"> Herman class="ok"> and class="ok"> Peterson class="ok"> seem class="ok"> not class="ok"> to class="ok"> grasp class="ok"> at class="ok"> all), class="ok"> he class="ok"> was class="ok"> finally class="ok"> about class="ok"> to class="ok"> implement class="ok"> the class="ok"> Arusha class="ok"> Accords. class="ok"> That class="ok"> meant class="ok"> power-sharing class="ok"> in class="ok"> government class="ok"> and class="ok"> the class="ok"> full class="ok"> integration class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> and class="ok"> RPF class="ok"> armies. class="ok"> The class="ok"> personal class="ok"> consequences class="ok"> for class="ok"> many class="ok"> Hutu class="ok"> government class="ok"> and class="ok"> military class="ok"> officials class="ok"> would class="ok"> be class="ok"> disastrous. class="ok"> The class="ok"> latter class="ok"> had class="ok"> long class="ok"> sworn, class="ok"> publicly class="ok"> and class="ok"> privately, class="ok"> that class="ok"> they class="ok"> would class="ok"> accept class="ok"> Arusha class="ok"> over class="ok"> their class="ok"> dead class="ok"> bodies, class="ok"> and class="ok"> had class="ok"> pressured class="ok"> Habyarimana class="ok"> not class="ok"> to class="ok"> succumb class="ok"> to class="ok"> external class="ok"> pleas class="ok"> to class="ok"> implement. class="ok"> Finally, class="ok"> however, class="ok"> he class="ok"> decided class="ok"> he class="ok"> had class="ok"> no class="ok"> recourse class="ok"> but class="ok"> honour class="ok"> the class="ok"> agreement, class="ok"> and class="ok"> the class="ok"> extremists class="ok"> decided class="ok"> to class="ok"> nullify class="ok"> Arusha class="ok"> over class="ok"> their class="ok"> president's class="ok"> dead class="ok"> body.
class="ok">
class="ok"> Any class="ok"> reasonable class="ok"> person class="ok"> open class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> evidence, class="ok"> including class="ok"> the class="ok"> likely class="ok"> motivation class="ok"> for class="ok"> the class="ok"> deed, class="ok"> will class="ok"> find class="ok"> the class="ok"> Mutsinzi class="ok"> Report class="ok"> credible. class="ok"> But class="ok"> I class="ok"> don't class="ok"> expect class="ok"> for class="ok"> a class="ok"> second class="ok"> that class="ok"> Messrs. class="ok"> Peterson class="ok"> or class="ok"> Herman class="ok"> or class="ok"> Black class="ok"> or class="ok"> Erlinder class="ok"> or class="ok"> Stam class="ok"> or class="ok"> Davenport class="ok"> or class="ok"> Philpot class="ok"> to class="ok"> accept class="ok"> a class="ok"> single class="ok"> word class="ok"> of class="ok"> it. class="ok"> No class="ok"> more class="ok"> do class="ok"> I class="ok"> expect class="ok"> them class="ok"> to class="ok"> agree class="ok"> with class="ok"> a class="ok"> single class="ok"> word class="ok"> in class="ok"> this class="ok"> review. class="ok"> They class="ok"> are class="ok"> well class="ok"> beyond class="ok"> evidence class="ok"> or class="ok"> reason class="ok"> or class="ok"> commonsense. class="ok"> They class="ok"> live class="ok"> in class="ok"> a class="ok"> different class="ok"> universe class="ok"> of class="ok"> witnesses class="ok"> and class="ok"> evidence, class="ok"> enough class="ok"> to class="ok"> satisfy class="ok"> themselves class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> world class="ok"> has class="ok"> gotten class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> wrong class="ok"> and class="ok"> only class="ok"> they class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> world class="ok"> have class="ok"> got class="ok"> it class="ok"> right.
class="ok">
class="ok">

The class="ok"> Tragedy class="ok"> of class="ok"> American class="ok"> Anti-Imperialism


class="ok">
class="ok"> Edward class="ok"> Herman class="ok"> and class="ok"> David class="ok"> Peterson class="ok"> have class="ok"> written class="ok"> a class="ok"> very class="ok"> short class="ok"> book class="ok"> that's class="ok"> not class="ok"> nearly class="ok"> short class="ok"> enough. class="ok"> It class="ok"> should class="ok"> never class="ok"> have class="ok"> seen class="ok"> the class="ok"> light class="ok"> of class="ok"> day. class="ok"> It class="ok"> brings class="ok"> shame class="ok"> to class="ok"> its class="ok"> two class="ok"> American class="ok"> authors, class="ok"> its class="ok"> publisher class="ok"> Monthly class="ok"> Review, class="ok"> and class="ok"> all class="ok"> those class="ok"> who class="ok"> have class="ok"> provided class="ok"> enthusiastic class="ok"> jacket class="ok"> blurbs, class="ok"> many class="ok"> of class="ok"> them class="ok"> prominent class="ok"> in class="ok"> progressive class="ok"> circles class="ok"> – class="ok"> Noam class="ok"> Chomsky, class="ok"> John class="ok"> Pilger, class="ok"> Norman class="ok"> Solomon, class="ok"> David class="ok"> Barsamian. class="ok"> If class="ok"> this class="ok"> is class="ok"> what class="ok"> Anglo-American class="ok"> Marxism, class="ok"> or class="ok"> socialism, class="ok"> or class="ok"> anti-imperialism class="ok"> has class="ok"> degenerated class="ok"> into, class="ok"> we class="ok"> can class="ok"> hang class="ok"> our class="ok"> heads class="ok"> in class="ok"> shame class="ok"> for class="ok"> the class="ok"> future class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> left.
class="ok">
class="ok"> Why class="ok"> a class="ok"> lifetime class="ok"> anti-imperialist class="ok"> leftist class="ok"> like class="ok"> Herman class="ok"> (and class="ok"> presumably class="ok"> Peterson) class="ok"> wants class="ok"> to class="ok"> exculpate class="ok"> the class="ok"> Serbs class="ok"> of class="ok"> Bosnia, class="ok"> Croatia class="ok"> and class="ok"> Serbia class="ok"> of class="ok"> crimes class="ok"> against class="ok"> humanity class="ok"> is class="ok"> beyond class="ok"> my class="ok"> understanding. class="ok"> Why class="ok"> would class="ok"> it class="ok"> not class="ok"> have class="ok"> been class="ok"> enough class="ok"> to class="ok"> point class="ok"> out class="ok"> that class="ok"> appalling class="ok"> crimes class="ok"> were class="ok"> committed class="ok"> by class="ok"> all class="ok"> sides, class="ok"> but class="ok"> in class="ok"> every class="ok"> case class="ok"> Serbs class="ok"> were class="ok"> one class="ok"> of class="ok"> those class="ok"> sides? class="ok"> The class="ok"> only class="ok"> conceivable class="ok"> reason class="ok"> seems class="ok"> to class="ok"> be class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> US class="ok"> and class="ok"> its class="ok"> allies class="ok"> singled class="ok"> out class="ok"> the class="ok"> Serbs class="ok"> for class="ok"> attack, class="ok"> which class="ok"> ipso class="ok"> facto class="ok"> makes class="ok"> them class="ok"> the class="ok"> real class="ok"> victims. class="ok"> Indeed, class="ok"> the class="ok"> authors' class="ok"> ally class="ok"> Christopher class="ok"> Black class="ok"> perversely class="ok"> sees class="ok"> Milosevic class="ok"> as class="ok"> an class="ok"> heroic class="ok"> figure. class="ok">
class="ok">
class="ok"> As class="ok"> we've class="ok"> already class="ok"> seen, class="ok"> hyperbole class="ok"> and class="ok"> slipperiness class="ok"> are class="ok"> cherished class="ok"> tools class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> authors, class="ok"> and class="ok"> not class="ok"> just class="ok"> in class="ok"> regards class="ok"> to class="ok"> Rwanda. class="ok"> ‘The class="ok"> leading class="ok"> mainstream class="ok"> experts class="ok"> on class="ok"> “genocide” class="ok"> and class="ok"> mass-atrocity class="ok"> crimes class="ok"> today,’ class="ok"> they class="ok"> assert, class="ok"> ‘still class="ok"> carefully class="ok"> exclude class="ok"> from class="ok"> consideration class="ok"> the class="ok"> US class="ok"> attacks class="ok"> on class="ok"> Indo-China class="ok"> as class="ok"> well class="ok"> as class="ok"> the class="ok"> 1965-1966 class="ok"> Indonesian class="ok"> massacres class="ok"> within class="ok"> that class="ok"> country’. class="ok"> First class="ok"> note class="ok"> the class="ok"> way class="ok"> they class="ok"> add class="ok"> ‘mass class="ok"> atrocity class="ok"> crimes’ class="ok"> to class="ok"> genocidal class="ok"> crimes. class="ok"> In class="ok"> fact, class="ok"> in class="ok"> many class="ok"> circles class="ok"> it class="ok"> surely class="ok"> remains class="ok"> widely class="ok"> accepted class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> US class="ok"> was class="ok"> guilty class="ok"> of class="ok"> appalling class="ok"> atrocities class="ok"> in class="ok"> its class="ok"> aggressions class="ok"> against class="ok"> Viet class="ok"> Nam, class="ok"> Laos class="ok"> and class="ok"> Cambodia. class="ok"> As class="ok"> for class="ok"> the class="ok"> ‘exclusion class="ok"> from class="ok"> consideration’ class="ok"> of class="ok"> those class="ok"> Indonesian class="ok"> massacres, class="ok"> chapter class="ok"> 7 class="ok"> of class="ok"> Totten class="ok"> and class="ok"> Parson's class="ok"> popular class="ok"> volume class="ok"> ‘Century class="ok"> of class="ok"> Genocide’, class="ok"> is class="ok"> titled class="ok"> ‘The class="ok"> Indonesian class="ok"> Massacres’.
class="ok">
class="ok"> Two class="ok"> other class="ok"> similar class="ok"> examples: class="ok"> In class="ok"> true class="ok"> conspiratorial class="ok"> fashion, class="ok"> they class="ok"> argue class="ok"> that class="ok"> the class="ok"> crisis class="ok"> in class="ok"> Darfur class="ok"> was class="ok"> exaggerated class="ok"> to class="ok"> distract class="ok"> attention class="ok"> from class="ok"> America's class="ok"> real class="ok"> African class="ok"> interest, class="ok"> the class="ok"> mineral class="ok"> resources class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Congo. class="ok"> Why class="ok"> both class="ok"> weren't class="ok"> worthy class="ok"> of class="ok"> serious class="ok"> attention class="ok"> is class="ok"> beyond class="ok"> me. class="ok"> Nonetheless, class="ok"> they class="ok"> insist class="ok"> that class="ok"> Darfur class="ok"> solidarity class="ok"> activists class="ok"> dishonestly class="ok"> succeeded class="ok"> in class="ok"> framing class="ok"> Darfur class="ok"> as class="ok"> the class="ok"> ‘unnoticed class="ok"> genocide’, class="ok"> though class="ok"> many, class="ok"> including class="ok"> me, class="ok"> have class="ok"> long class="ok"> understood class="ok"> that class="ok"> it's class="ok"> been class="ok"> the class="ok"> best class="ok"> publicised class="ok"> international class="ok"> crisis class="ok"> in class="ok"> decades. class="ok"> And class="ok"> they class="ok"> charge class="ok"> that class="ok"> it's class="ok"> the class="ok"> calamity class="ok"> in class="ok"> eastern class="ok"> Congo class="ok"> that class="ok"> ‘has class="ok"> been class="ok"> truly class="ok"> ignored’, class="ok"> even class="ok"> though class="ok"> numerous class="ok"> celebrities, class="ok"> including class="ok"> playwright class="ok"> Eve class="ok"> Ensler class="ok"> (The class="ok"> Vagina class="ok"> Monologues), class="ok"> actor class="ok"> Ben class="ok"> Affleck class="ok"> (at class="ok"> least class="ok"> four class="ok"> times), class="ok"> UN class="ok"> Secretary-General class="ok"> Ban class="ok"> Ki-moon class="ok"> and class="ok"> Secretary class="ok"> of class="ok"> State class="ok"> Hillary class="ok"> Clinton class="ok"> have class="ok"> all class="ok"> made class="ok"> high-profile class="ok"> visits class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> Kivus. class="ok"> When class="ok"> the class="ok"> US class="ok"> Secretary class="ok"> of class="ok"> State class="ok"> visits class="ok"> a class="ok"> small class="ok"> province class="ok"> in class="ok"> eastern class="ok"> Congo, class="ok"> you class="ok"> know class="ok"> it's class="ok"> the class="ok"> opposite class="ok"> of class="ok"> being class="ok"> ignored.
class="ok">
class="ok"> Many class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> deniers class="ok"> flaunt class="ok"> their class="ok"> left-wing class="ok"> credentials. class="ok"> As class="ok"> this class="ok"> essay class="ok"> makes class="ok"> clear, class="ok"> they class="ok"> are class="ok"> driven class="ok"> by class="ok"> their class="ok"> anti-Americanism. class="ok"> Certainly class="ok"> I class="ok"> agree class="ok"> that class="ok"> every class="ok"> progressive class="ok"> necessarily class="ok"> must class="ok"> be class="ok"> anti-American class="ok"> to class="ok"> some class="ok"> degree class="ok"> or class="ok"> other. class="ok"> But class="ok"> this class="ok"> little class="ok"> band class="ok"> has class="ok"> driven class="ok"> over class="ok"> the class="ok"> edge. class="ok"> As class="ok"> Peter class="ok"> Erlinder class="ok"> once class="ok"> wrote, class="ok"> America class="ok"> is class="ok"> ‘the class="ok"> most class="ok"> dangerous class="ok"> Empire class="ok"> the class="ok"> world class="ok"> has class="ok"> ever class="ok"> seen’. class="ok"> Everything class="ok"> bad class="ok"> must class="ok"> be class="ok"> America's class="ok"> responsibility. class="ok"> There's class="ok"> not class="ok"> even class="ok"> room class="ok"> for class="ok"> others class="ok"> to class="ok"> share class="ok"> that class="ok"> responsibility, class="ok"> though class="ok"> the class="ok"> French class="ok"> government's class="ok"> complicity class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> Rwandan class="ok"> genocide, class="ok"> for class="ok"> example, class="ok"> has class="ok"> been class="ok"> definitively class="ok"> documented class="ok"> and class="ok"> is class="ok"> now class="ok"> even class="ok"> implicitly class="ok"> accepted class="ok"> by class="ok"> President class="ok"> Sarkozy class="ok"> and class="ok"> his class="ok"> foreign class="ok"> minister class="ok"> Bernard class="ok"> Kouchner.
class="ok">
class="ok"> Why class="ok"> the class="ok"> deniers class="ok"> are class="ok"> so class="ok"> determined, class="ok"> so class="ok"> passionate, class="ok"> so class="ok"> intransigent, class="ok"> so class="ok"> absolutely class="ok"> certain, class="ok"> so class="ok"> satisfied class="ok"> to class="ok"> remain class="ok"> part class="ok"> of class="ok"> a class="ok"> tiny class="ok"> minority class="ok"> of class="ok"> cranks, class="ok"> is class="ok"> completely class="ok"> unknown class="ok"> to class="ok"> me. class="ok"> Why class="ok"> they class="ok"> want class="ok"> to class="ok"> create class="ok"> such class="ok"> gratuitous, class="ok"> almost class="ok"> sadistic class="ok"> hurt class="ok"> for class="ok"> the class="ok"> survivors class="ok"> of class="ok"> the class="ok"> genocide class="ok"> in class="ok"> Rwanda class="ok"> is class="ok"> impossible class="ok"> to class="ok"> fathom. class="ok"> But class="ok"> in class="ok"> the class="ok"> end, class="ok"> it's class="ok"> irrelevant class="ok"> what class="ok"> furies class="ok"> drive class="ok"> their class="ok"> obsessions. class="ok"> It's class="ok"> their class="ok"> egregious class="ok"> views class="ok"> – class="ok"> not class="ok"> their class="ok"> motives class="ok"> – class="ok"> that class="ok"> matter. class="ok"> And class="ok"> their class="ok"> views class="ok"> relegate class="ok"> them class="ok"> squarely class="ok"> to class="ok"> the class="ok"> lunatic class="ok"> fringe.
class="ok">
class="ok">

Brought class="ok"> to class="ok"> you class="ok"> by class="ok"> Pambazuka class="ok"> News


class="ok">
class="ok"> * class="ok"> Edward class="ok"> S. class="ok"> Herman class="ok"> and class="ok"> David class="ok"> Peterson, class="ok"> ’The class="ok"> Politics class="ok"> of class="ok"> Genocide’, class="ok"> Monthly class="ok"> Review class="ok"> Press, class="ok"> New class="ok"> York, class="ok"> 2010, class="ok"> 112 class="ok"> pages class="ok"> plus class="ok"> endnotes class="ok"> and class="ok"> index, class="ok"> ISBN: class="ok"> 978-1-58367-212-9.
class="ok">
class="ok"> * class="ok"> Gerald class="ok"> Caplan class="ok"> has class="ok"> a class="ok"> PhD class="ok"> in class="ok"> African class="ok"> history. class="ok"> He class="ok"> recently class="ok"> published class="ok"> The class="ok"> Betrayal class="ok"> of class="ok"> Africa.
class="ok">
class="ok"> * class="ok"> Please class="ok"> send class="ok"> comments class="ok"> to class="ok"> editor@pambazuka.org class="ok"> or class="ok"> comment class="ok"> online class="ok"> at class="ok"> Pambazuka class="ok"> News.

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fgtquery v.1.9, 9 février 2024